Analyse des déterminants de l’insertion professionnelle des lauréats de l’université Hassan Premier de Settat

Le présent travail se propose d’analyser les déterminants de l’insertion professionnelle des jeunes diplômés. Il a été réalisé sur 1925 lauréats extraits de la base de données qui provient des enquêtes réalisées annuellement entre 2012 et 2016 par l’Université Hassan 1er de Settat, en partenariat avec le Conseil Supérieur de l’Education, de la Formation et de la Recherche Scientifique. Notre objectif principal est de mesurer l’impact des déterminants tels que les caractéristiques personnelles des lauréats et les caractéristiques liées à leur parcours général sur leur accession à l’emploi. A cet effet, après avoir procédé à une analyse descriptive des données, une modélisation économétrique a été effectuée sur un modèle logit binaire pour analyser les différents facteurs concourant à une insertion professionnelle donnée.Les caractéristiques étudiées sont plus précisément, la langue, les connaissances, le mode d’enseignement, les diplômes antérieurs, le stage, le diplôme, l’établissement, la mention et la série du baccalauréat, la situation familiale, l’âge et le genre.Des résultats obtenus, il ressort que les déterminants ayant une influence sur l’état d’emploi des diplômés sont: l’âge, le statut matrimonial, le genre, le diplôme, le mode d’enseignement, les séries de baccalauréat, l’établissement, le diplôme antérieur et la maîtrise de  langue française. Parmi les résultats les plus relevants, on notera l’impact du diplôme dans l’insertion des jeunes diplômés alors que les titulaires des diplômes de niveau BAC+3 sont les plus touchés par le chômage ainsi que la persistance d’inégalités entre hommes et femmes.

Toxoplasma gondii

Common medicines for the treatment of toxoplasmosis have limited efficacy and unwanted side effects. Opiates can effect both innate and cell-mediated immunity and stimulate the immune responses in different parasitic infections. In this work, preventive and therapeutic effects of morphine were evaluated on the tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii and infected macrophages in vitro and in a murine model. Different concentrations of morphine (0.1 and 0.01 μg/ml) were evaluated on mortality rate of T. gondii by direct counting after 3 and 24 hours. The cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of these drugs were measured by the MTT assays and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. The same procedures were assessed in T. gondii-infected macrophages. The parasite loads were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). For in vivo assessment, BALB/c mice treated with morphine before or after infection with tachyzoites. The survival rate of animals, parasite load in the spleen, and the IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines levels were measured. Morphine was effective on tachyzoites of T. gondii and had a reverse relationship with its concentration. The results of flow cytometry showed that the toxic effects of morphine on tachyzoites after 3 hours was not statistically significant (p<0.05). Also, apoptosis in infected MQs rose with a decreasing concentration of morphine. The parasitic load in MQs treated with morphine before infection was lower than that in cells treated after infection and the differences were statistically significant (p<0.01). In mice that received morphine before infection, survival rate, parasite load and the IFN-γ level were significantly lower than in mice treated after infection (p<0.01). The results of this study have shown that morphine in the pre-treatment group had higher anti-Toxoplasma activity than morphine in post-treatment in vitro and in murine model

ANALYSE DE LA PARTICIPATION AU MARCHE DE TRAVAIL SELON LE GENRE AU MAROC

Ce travail se propose d’analyser les déterminants de l’insertion professionnelle selon le genre. Il a été réalisé sur 1390 diplômés extraits de la base de données des enquêtes effectuées en 2009-2010 par la Banque Mondiale sur la zone MENA notamment le Maroc. Notre objectif principal est d’expliquer l’impact du genre sur l’insertion professionnelle et de relever les particularités sexuelles en termes de variables explicatives. A cet effet, une modélisation économétrique a été effectuée sur trois modèles de type logit binaire pour analyser l’effet de genre sur les déterminants de l’insertion professionnelle.La revue de la littérature et les analyses empiriques réalisées sur la question nous ont permis d’identifier de nombreuses caractéristiques individuelles, liées au ménage ou aux conditions du marché du travail, caractéristiques que nous avons testées, la plupart étant disponibles dans la base de données.Des résultats obtenus, il ressort que les variables significatives communes aux trois modèles sont : la maîtrise de la langue française, le type de logement et l’âge. Pour le modèle des hommes, le temps de recherche, l’état matrimonial et l’expérience professionnelle ont également un effet significatif. Par contre, en plus de l’expérience professionnelle et du statut matrimonial, les déterminants pour le modèle des femmes sont : l’implication des hommes de la famille dans sa décision d’activité, la formation technique, l’assurance maladie et la présence d’enfants dans le ménage.Ces résultats montrent que l’impact de genre est hautement significatif : cet effet s’incarne tant dans la spécificité des variables affectant la participation au travail de chaque sexe que dans la manière dont elles l’impactent. Ainsi, le fait d’être marié affecte négativement les femmes et positivement les hommes. 

Addressing Food Insecurity in Crisis-Stricken Lebanon

Almost three years into the economic crisis, Lebanon shows no sign of recovery. The sharp decline in economic activity, coupled with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and rising inflation, has pushed thousands of Lebanese households into poverty and unemployment. In addition to the rising poverty, the heavily indebted country that has long been struggling with structural macroeconomic anomalies and persistent political instability is now haunted by the sinister memories of the “great famine.” Concerns about food and nutrition insecurity are intensifying at both the national and sub-national levels as the main food security indicators started to follow an alarming trajectory. Thus, there is a pressing need for government to prioritize food security and take immediate actions to prevent hunger and malnutrition. Examining the changing trends in the four main food security pillars, this brief provides several actionable policy recommendations that are urgently needed to strengthen food security in the short and medium-term, at both the national and household levels, recognizing the need for a more comprehensive food security plan that addresses food and nutrition security in its totality

Rhomboid antigens are promising targets in the vaccine development against Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular parasite with worldwide distribution. It is estimated that near one-third of the people around the globe are latently seropositive for the parasite. Since the current common drugs are incapable in the elimination of parasites within tissue cysts, the development of an effective vaccine has high priority for researchers to limit the infection. During recent years, non-stop efforts of scientists have made great progress in the identification and development of T. gondii candidate vaccines. However, there is a lack of a commercially licensed vaccine for human application yet. Rhomboid proteases (ROMs) are a class of serine proteases that have an important role in the invasion of the parasites that can be considered as a new target for vaccine strategy. They also play critical roles in mitochondrial fusion and growth factor signaling, allowing the parasite to completely enter into the host cell. In the current review, we have summarized the recent progress regarding the development of ROM-based vaccines against acute and chronic T. gondii infection in animal models

Comparison of the cellular and biochemical properties of Plasmodium falciparum choline and ethanolamine kinases.

International audienceThe proliferation of the malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium falciparum within the erythrocyte is concomitant with massive phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis. Based on pharmacological and genetic data, de novo biosynthesis pathways of both phospholipids appear to be essential for parasite survival. The present study characterizes PfCK (P. falciparum choline kinase) and PfEK (P. falciparum ethanolamine kinase), which catalyse the first enzymatic steps of these essential metabolic pathways. Recombinant PfCK and PfEK were expressed as His6-tagged fusion proteins from overexpressing Escherichia coli strains, then purified to homogeneity and characterized. Using murine polyclonal antibodies against recombinant kinases, PfCK and PfEK were shown to be localized within the parasite cytoplasm. Protein expression levels increased during erythrocytic development. PfCK and PfEK appeared to be specific to their respective substrates and followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The Km value of PfCK for choline was 135.3+/-15.5 microM. PfCK was also able to phosphorylate ethanolamine with a very low affinity. PfEK was found to be an ethanolamine-specific kinase (Km=475.7+/-80.2 microM for ethanolamine). The quaternary ammonium compound hemicholinium-3 and an ethanolamine analogue, 2-amino-1-butanol, selectively inhibited PfCK or PfEK. In contrast, the bis-thiazolium compound T3, which was designed as a choline analogue and is currently in clinical trials for antimalarial treatment, affected PfCK and PfEK activities similarly. Inhibition exerted by T3 was competitive for both PfCK and PfEK and correlated with the impairment of cellular phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Comparative analyses of sequences and structures for both kinase types gave insights into their specific inhibition profiles and into the dual capacity of T3 to inhibit both PfCK and PfEK

The worldwide prevalence of intestinal helminthic parasites among food handlers: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Food handlers have a major role in transmission of food-borne parasitic infections including intestinal helminths. The objective of the present study was to assess the global prevalence of intestinal helminthic parasites among food handlers. Multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, Science Direct and Google Scholar) were searched for literature published from 1990 to 2022. Pooled prevalence was estimated using the meta-package in R (version 3.6.1). One hundred twenty seven articles, including 220,705 individuals, were considered in this study. The global pooled prevalence (95% confidence interval) was 0.115% (0.091% - 0.141%). The highest pooled prevalence was reported from Africa (0.160%, 0.124%–0.210%). The most prevalent helminth was Ascaris lumbricoides (0.062%, 0.047%–0.079%). Moreover, among different countries, Ghana had the highest pooled prevalence (0.496%, 0–1.000%). This study revealed a high prevalence of intestinal helminths among food handlers. Routine parasitological investigation, food safety and personal sanitation training are recommended to prevent intestinal helminths transmitted by food handlers

Global prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites among food handlers: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Food handlers with improper personal hygiene practices have a significant role in transmitting foodborne parasites, including intestinal protozoa. The current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the global prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites among food handlers. Multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, Pro-Quest, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar) were explored for relevant literature published from 1988 to April 2022. Pooled prevalence was estimated using the meta-package in R (version 3.6.1). One hundred thirty-eight papers, including 259,364 individuals, were considered in this study. The global pooled prevalence (95% confidence interval) was 0.143% (0.118–0.170%). The highest pooled prevalence was observed in the Western Pacific WHO Region (0.318%, 0–1.000%). The most prevalent protozoa was Blastocystis hominis (0.077%, 0.046–0.115%). Moreover, among different countries, Gambia had the highest pooled prevalence (0.501%, 0.459–0.544%). The prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites estimated in the present study revealed that food handlers highly impact the global population. Periodic stool screening is necessary for food handlers to prevent intestinal protozoan infection. Additionally, a health education programme to raise awareness regarding food hygiene is recommended

Global prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites among food handlers: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Food handlers with improper personal hygiene practices have a significant role in transmitting foodborne parasites, including intestinal protozoa. The current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the global prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites among food handlers. Multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, Pro-Quest, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar) were explored for relevant literature published from 1988 to April 2022. Pooled prevalence was estimated using the meta-package in R (version 3.6.1). One hundred thirty-eight papers, including 259,364 individuals, were considered in this study. The global pooled prevalence (95% confidence interval) was 0.143% (0.118–0.170%). The highest pooled prevalence was observed in the Western Pacific WHO Region (0.318%, 0–1.000%). The most prevalent protozoa was Blastocystis hominis (0.077%, 0.046–0.115%). Moreover, among different countries, Gambia had the highest pooled prevalence (0.501%, 0.459–0.544%). The prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites estimated in the present study revealed that food handlers highly impact the global population. Periodic stool screening is necessary for food handlers to prevent intestinal protozoan infection. Additionally, a health education programme to raise awareness regarding food hygiene is recommended