The effect of repeated Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann 1901, (Ixodidae) infestations on the health of cattle

CIinical-pathological responses were investigated in Bos taurus and guinea pigs infested with ticks from a laboratory colony. Infestation regimes involved three instars individually or concurrently in five sep¬ arate groups with five calves each except one. Repeated infestations were made over calf ears and guinea pig trunks. Systematic clinical examinations, haematological and biochemical estimations, and autopsies were undertaken. Tick feeding and oviposition performance was monitored. Demonstration and corroboration of the findings was effected by further experiments invol¬ ving cutaneous anaphylaxis tests and use of antihistami¬ nes against induced responses.Prominent responses occurred in the integumentary, musculo-skeletal , cardiovascular, lymphatic and nervous systems. Significant findings were: inflammation, exudations and encrustations, hypersensitivity reactions; extreme emaciation, prostration and death; mono and diphasic pyrexia, congestion, anaemia, excessive mucosal secretions, significant haematological and biochemical differences between calf groups; lymph node enlargement and abscessation; grooming associated with pruritis. Autopsies confirmed clinical manifestations. Ticks were adversely affected^especially larvae. Cutaneous anaphylaxis, antihistaminic effects, vivid guinea pig X . circulatory disturbance were demonstrated.Rhipicephalus appendiculatus infestations caused serious effects culminating in death; and exsanguination and intoxication are strongly incriminated. There¬ fore field studies should consider the role of ticks. But the precise mechanism causing debility is not clear, thus a critical study of the factors causing loss in productivity is indicated

Analysis of Completeness and Timeliness of Death Notification Data in Thika Level Five and Maragua Level Four Hospitals, Kenya

Death notification is important in the service of justice to the victims of crime, punishment of criminals, preparation of forensic policies, guidelines, regulations and planning. This data is captured in mandatory forms in a prescribed format. Death notification form (DNF) is one of the prescribed forms to record and report death. One of the commonly observed setbacks concerning this form is the turnaround time and omissions. The objective of this study was to analyse the completeness and timeliness of death notification data in Thika Level Five and Maragua Level Four Hospitals. The study was a retrospective review of records and a cross-sectional survey conducted at Thika Level Five and Maragua Level Four Hospitals and civil registration departments in Murang’a and Kiambu Counties. We recruited fifty one clinicians (25 from Thika and 26 from Maragua hospitals) who are involved in filling the DNF. All the DNF certified by a qualified health professional at Thika Level Five and Maragua Level Four Hospitals for the year 2017 and filed with Civil Registrar of the respective counties were sampled for this study. Two thousand two hundred and forty four death notifications form (Thika Level Five, 1524 and Maragua Level Four, 720 Hospitals) and were accessed and an analysis on their completeness was done. It was found out that most of the death notification forms: 75% in Thika Level Five and 62% for Maragua Level Four hospitals were not filled within 48 hours and 14% were left blank in both centres. This study revealed that 78% of death notification forms (DNF) were filed comprehensively. The common missing information on the DNF was information on underlying cause of death (35%) and source of the data used to fill the death notification forms (32%). There was a statistically significant relationship between the hospital where the forms were filled and timeliness in filling the forms (χ2=35.433, p=0.001). Regression analysis results revealed that hospital where the records are reported (p=0,001), qualifications of the certifier of forms (p=0.022), age of the deceased (p=0.014), gender of the deceased (p=0.015), underlying cause of death (p=0.001), intermediate cause of death (p=0.001), immediate cause of death (0.001) and source of the information used to fill the death notification forms (p=0.001) were statistically significant compared with completeness of the DNF. Most facilities lack guidelines, trainings and provision of feedback on the filling of the death notification forms which affects their completeness and timeliness in filling. In all the studied hospitals it was concluded that it is necessary to harmonize how the death notification forms are filled in the hospitals. Clinicians who attend formal pre-training sessions have higher knowledge in filling the forms than those who have not been sensitized. There is no formal training or sensitization in both hospitals on DNF. Keywords: Autopsy; Completeness; Death notification DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/101-22 Publication date:September 30th 202

Systemization & Survival -- “Houston, we have a Problem” – Business Lessons from Apollo 13

In the business world, there are different factors that determine whether a business will survive or not. Apollo 13 film perfectly demonstrates what every business undergoes throughout its lifecycle. Apollo 13 spacecraft started its journey to the moon successfully with the mission being to land on the moon. Unfortunately, within a very short period of time, Apollo 13 started to experience a series of problems that required quick actions and decisions to be made with the involvement of different sets of technical skills. Ultimately, by using the prototype and systems which NASA had established for Apollo 13, the teams managed to identify the problem, innovate a solution, and bring the astronauts back to Earth safely. As in the movie, launching a business successfully does not guarantee a smooth ride. This review seeks to unpack the importance of systemization as a business management process for business survival

Trade openness and economic growth in East African Community economies: A panel causality test

Abstract. In spite of financial liberalization that has been discussed and studied over the past decades, the debate for the East African Community (EAC) still remain open on the relationship between trade openness and economic growth that has a link with trade-economic policies. This paper analyzes the relationship by employing the modern methodology of Dumistrescu & Hurlin (2012) Panel Causality test, The Test involved a scope of 46 years from 1970-2016. The empirical finding shows that there is a bidirectional movement (causality) as trade openness increase or relaxed lead to the growth of the economy in the East African Community. The results are supported by the endogenous growth theory that openness increases economic growth. There is a feedback relationship. The main operational implication of these empirical results is that the governments of the East African economies should dismantle barriers to trade to make sure that their intended objective is not ephemeral.Keywords. East African Community, Economic growth, Panel causality test, Trade openness.JEL. C59, F43, O24

The analysis of bubbles and crashes on financial markets for emerging economies: Evidenced From BRICS

Abstract. The study was conducted to analyze the bubbles, and crashes on the financial market in emerging economies; (BRICS) stock prices were employed to detect the existence of the bursting bubble. The Right-tailed Augment Dickey-Fuller Unit Root Test used to complete the study of analyzing bubbles and crashes. The study consists of four primary tests; ADF, RADF, SADF, and GSADF Moreover, the study used the first three criteria. The survey covered the period from 2000 to 2016, to absorb the nuclear currently financial crisis in the BRICS and analyze its impacts. Also, this period coincides with both economic reforms in some countries like China and early indications of an impending US crisis. The findings in all countries rejected the null hypothesis of no bursting bubbles in the stock market in favor of the alternative theory. The findings suggest that such an explosive behavior may be attributable to differences in stock prices of traded goods. The result has economic policy importance and implications on the economy. Keywords. BRICS, Emerging economies, Financial bubble and crashes, Right-tailed ADF, Stock price.JEL. F60, G70, O15

An Interregional Study of Kenya\u27s Livestock Sector Using Linear Programming

The major purpose of this study was to determine the least- cost method of producing red meat in Kenya. Linear programming was used in the study. A simulated reduction of grazing land available in one of the settlement areas was carried out to indicate what effect this had on the overall regional production pattern of meat in the country. Kenya was divided into eleven livestock producing and consuming regions. 1979 was used as the base year, and the demand projection was based on the 1979 population. Input and output coefficients, livestock unit requirements, and market prices were developed. A linear programming model was then used to generate the optimal production and marketing of both cattle and small stock

Idealized Influence and Implementation of Human Resource Management Policies by Kakamega County Government, Kenya

Implementation of Human Resource Management policies by governments in developing countries has not translated into development and quality service delivery. Leadership is integral to achieving government goals. This study aimed to establish the influence of idealized influence on implementation of Human Resource Management policies by County Government of Kakamega. A descriptive research design and sample survey method involving use of questionnaire as the primary data collection instrument was adopted. The study population was 6,328 County Government of Kakamega employees. Simple random sampling technique was applied to get a sample size of 165 respondents with a pilot study being conducted in Bungoma County where the study checked for internal consistency and reliability of the instrument for data collection. Cronbach’s coefficient alpha of 0.867 was obtained for internal reliability. Ethics governing research were accorded utmost consideration. A 92.7% return rate was attained, good for social statistics analysis. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze data in the study. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and linear regression were used in analysis within 95% confidence interval to test for associations, relationships and independence of indicators. Study findings revealed a significant and positive relationship between idealized influence and implementation of Human Resource Management Policies. Study findings were in agreement with empirical evidence from previous studies on how idealized influence affected implementation of Human Resource Management Policies, particularly in public organizations. Keywords: Idealized Influence, Implementation, Human Resource Management Policies DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/11-4-03 Publication date:May 31st 202

The Effectiveness of Women Development Fund in Women Economic Empowerment: A Case Study of Simanjiro District, Manyara Region, Tanzania.

This study assessed the effectiveness of Women Development Fund (WDF) on household’s welfare in Simanjiro District. The general objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of Women Development Fund loan given to women’s group on household’s welfare. The specific objectives of the study are; - to investigate the contribution of loans given to women through Women Development Fund on household’s income, to evaluate societies’ perceptions towards loans given to women through Women Development Fund and to investigate the societies’ opinions/suggestions with regard to loans given to women through Women Development Fund. Self-administered questionnaire were employed to collect data from randomly sampled 70 respondents among WDF beneficiaries. Field data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software to determine the degree of change in income, ownership of assets and nutritional status of respondents. The major results from the findings includes: WDF contributes significantly on household’s income, ownership of assets and nutrition. Findings also revealed that WDF loans increased number of meals per day as well as improved components of meals taken such as addition of fruits, spices and vegetables among respondents. Findings also revealed that the societies build hope and faith towards WDF loans and once they asked about it they defend positively. However, the study recommends four improvement factors namely: regular entrepreneurship training, provision of sufficient loans as per group’s business plan, provision of another loan soon after completion of previous loan and extend loan repayment duration from one year to at least 2 years. Keywords: Women Development Fund, Economic Empowerment and Povert

The Effects of Interparental Conflict on Preadolescent Behaviour: The Case of Primary Schools in Dar es Salaam and Coast Region

The study on the effects of interparental conflict to preadolescent behaviour: the case of primary school in Dar es Salaam and Coast regions, examined how preadolescent behaviour is affected by inter parental conflicts. The research had three specific objectives: to identify the emotional and behavioral effects of interparetal conflict on children, verification of behavioral changes, and the exploration of ways providing support to children. Three theories guided the research: Attachment Theory, Social Learning Theory, and Emotional Security Theory. This study was conducted in three primary schools in Dar es Salaam and Coast regions. Data was collected using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. A total of 103 respondents, comprising of teachers and pupils, were obtained through convenient and judgment sampling. In-depth interviews were tape recorded. Data was analyzed through content analysis, as a result of which various themes and sub-themes were established and aligned to the three research questions of the study. The findings revealed destructive negative behaviour was prevalent among children from households with inter parental conflicts. The study discovered that when these children enrolled at the Seventh day Adventist schools there was a change of behaviour and emotions because of the great support that they got from the institutions. The conclusion obtained from this study is that parents should make sure that they use constructive methods in solving their problems, rather than resorting to destructive methods which affect the children emotionally and destroy the children‟s peace and their emotion health

Knowledge sharing among academics in selected universities in Tanzania.

Doctor of Philosophy in Information Studies. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 2017.Higher learning Education sector in Tanzania is increasingly becoming competitive following its liberalization in the year 1995. The universities are therefore being compelled to invest and adopt new and powerful strategic tools to promote the academic enterprise in a way that will preserve the competitive advantages that the institutions have hitherto enjoyed in a monopolistic environment. The importance of harnessing the knowledge asset to enhance competitiveness in Tanzanian universities is now imperative considering the fact that a number of information and knowledge systems in these institutions are disparate making knowledge sharing difficult. Knowledge sharing in Tanzania is evidently low because of limited KM infrastructure, lack of awareness about the importance of knowledge sharing, limited skills and inadequate funds to build knowledge sharing infrastructure in the form of databases, intranets, portals, Web 2.0 and websites to mention but a few. This study investigated the status of knowledge sharing in universities in Tanzania with a view to proffering recommendations that would help the universities to effectively manage knowledge assets and enhance competitive advantage in an increasingly globalised and competitive higher education environment. The study sought to address the following research questions: How does organisational culture promote or hinder knowledge sharing among academics in the universities in Tanzania? To what extent do universities in Tanzania support knowledge creation and sharing among academics? What knowledge sharing strategies exist in the universities? How are the academics leveraging knowledge assets in their core functions of teaching, research and consultancy? What is the attitude of academics towards knowledge sharing? What factors influence knowledge sharing among academics in Tanzanian universities? The study was underpinned by the knowledge sharing model. The study adopted a post positivist paradigm with survey research design. A mixed method approach was used focusing on academics, librarians and deans of faculties. Data was collected using survey questionnaire and interview schedule. The quantitative data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPPS) to produce descriptive statistics. Similarly, the qualitative data was analyzed thematically and presented through narration. The findings revealed that universities in Tanzania generally promoted a culture of knowledge sharing among academics through among other ways: seminal presentations, publications, public lectures, conferences and colloquia. The findings further showed that the universities did not have formal organisation structures and policies for promoting knowledge sharing. Attempts were however being made by the universities through the directorates of research to promote knowledge sharing. The respondents were of the view that a dedicated unit for coordinating and managing knowledge sharing as well as dedicated staff was required. The findings identified funding, enabling knowledge sharing strategies, incentives and rewards as some of the critical success factors that would promote a culture of knowledge sharing among academics. The findings further revealed that the academics leveraged knowledge assets mostly for teaching and research purposes, and to a lesser extent for consultancy. The findings revealed that the academics had a positive attitude towards knowledge sharing in spite of limited cases of knowledge hoarding that were reported. The study proposes that enabling knowledge management policies, capacity building strategies, ICT infrastructure development, incentives and awareness help cultivate a culture of knowledge sharing among academics in universities in Tanzania. The study findings indicated that the academics are aware of knowledge management and knowledge sharing, they participated in knowledge sharing activities in the universities though the universities are facing challenges such as funds, knowledge sharing policies which hinder them to share knowledge effectively