Percantuman Pen'i'aklorosiklotrifosfazena Pada Rangkaian Getah Asli Melalui Meta-Aminofenol

Pengubahsuaian getah asli terepoksida dan bahan terbitannya dengan heksaklorosiklotrifosfazena telah dikaji. Polimerpolimer terbitan yang mengandungi unit-unit pentaklorosiklotrifosfazena yang tereantum pada rangkaian getah asli melalui meta-Aminofenol telah disediakan. Penyediaan polimer-polimer terbitan tersebut, PIla, PlIb, PIle dan PIld, melibatkan' tindak balas dua-peringkat. Produk, PI, yang didapati daripada tindak bal as antara getah as 1 i terepoksida 50 per~tus mol (ENR-50) dan meta-Aminofenol telah ditindakbalaskan terus dengan heksakl orosikl otri fosfazena dengan nisbah mol yang berlainan. AIC1 3.6H20 telah digunakan untuk memprotonkan gelang epoksida ENR-50 yang menggalakkan serangan metaAminofenol pada rantai getah asli. PI yang diperolehi telah menghasilkan nilai Tg, 17.16 °c, yang lebih tinggi daripada nilai Tg ENR-50, -22.80 °c. The modification of e'poxidized natural rubber and its derivative with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene has been studied. Polymer derivatives comprised of pentachloiocyclotriphosphazene as pendant units to the natural rubber net~ork have been prepared. The preparation of these polymer derivatives, Plla, Pllb, Pllc and Plld, involved a two-step reaction. The product, PI, that formed from the reaction of 50 mole percent epoxidized natural rubber (,E NR-50) and meta- Aminophenol was directly reacted with different mole ratios of hexachl orocycl otriphophazene. Al Cl3 .6H20 was used to protonate the epoxy group of ENR-50 that promoted the attack by meta~ Aminophenol to the polymer backbone. PI was found to have a higher Tg value, 17.16 °c, than that of ENR-50, -22.80 °c

One-pot and two-pot methods for chalcone derived pyrimidines synthesis and applications

Chalcone-derived pyrimidine is a well-known heterocyclic compound that is commonly present in ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) bio-isosteres. Pyrimidine derivatives are effective in both the electronic industry and drug industries. This review highlights the synthesis of pyrimidines, namely mono-pyrimidine, bis-pyrimidine, fused pyrimidine, symmetric, and asymmetric pyrimidine via one-pot and two-pot methods. The one-pot method is the direct reaction of amino derivatives with aldehydes and acetophenones, whereas the two-pot method is frequently reported for the synthesis of chalcone before the cyclization to a pyrimidine. This review is important in organic synthesis, particularly in the heterocyclic field, regarding pyrimidines and their significance in therapeutic and electronic industries

Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Antimicrobial Activity of α, β‐Unsaturated Ketone Exchange Moiety for Chalcone and Pyrazoline Derivatives

Bacterial diseases cause hazardous infections due to the occurrence of bacterial resistance. Drugs production to cure bacterial resistance from natural sources has become ineffective to execute the resisted bacteria due to the unsuitable binding interaction of active sites with the receptors. Drug link to natural products moieties such as chalcones and pyrazolines, which originated from plants extracts, has become attractive among researchers due to its significant pharmaceutical moiety. In this study a series of chalcone derivatives (1 a–d) has been synthesized via Claisen‐Schmidt condensation, followed by cyclization to form pyrazolines (2 a–d, 3 a–d). Fischer esterification of pyrazolines formed 4 a–d in moderate to good yield (42.91‐88.23 %). Antimicrobial activities of all the synthesized compounds were evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus via disc diffusion. Among all compounds, pyrazolines 3 c and 3 d showed the highest zone of inhibition (17 mm) compared to 1 a‐d (5‐11 mm) and standard ampicillin (11 mm). The exchange of α, β‐unsaturated carbonyl showed phenomenal increment in the biological activities. Structure activity relationship of 1 a, 1 d, 3 a and 3 d was analyzed via molecular docking of N‐terminal domain having deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) binding protein (4pql) with excellent binding energy of −6.2, −6.6, −7.1 and −7.2 kcal/mol, respectively. This work is significant in designing new drugs with keto‐exchange relationship for medicinal industry

Natural and Synthetic Drugs as Potential Treatment for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑2019)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic in a short period, where a tragically large number of human lives being lost. It is an infectious pandemic that recently infected more than two hundred countries in the world. Many potential treatments have been introduced, which are considered potent antiviral drugs and commonly reported as herbal or traditional and medicinal treatments. A variety of bioactive metabolites extracts from natural herbal have been reported for coronaviruses with some effective results. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved numerous drugs to be introduced against COVID-19, which commercially available as antiviral drugs and vaccines. In this study, a comprehensive review is discussed on the potential antiviral remedies based on natural and synthetic drugs. This review highlighted the potential remedies of COVID-19 which successfully applied to patients with high cytopathic inhibition potency for cell-to-cell spread and replication of coronaviru

Chalcone derived benzoheterodiazepines for medicinal applications: A Two-pot and one-pot synthetic approach

The production of effective drugs has continuously been a challenging process for researchers due to the occurrence of resistive diseases. Drugs derived from natural product-based compounds as an active scaffold have gained interest in drug development due to a wide range of biological properties. Benzoheterodiazepines, a natural product derivative of bicyclic chalcones have been widely reported with various therapeutic potentials. This review discusses current synthetic methods in the preparation of benzoheterodiazepine derivatives (i.e., homocyclic benzoheterodiazepine, heterocyclic benzoheterodiazepine, bisbenzoheterodiazepine, and fused benzoheterodiazepine) via two-pot and one-pot synthetic routes. Several reaction protocols following both synthetic routes have been developed for efficient and higher yields that offer access to different functionalization of benzoheterodiazepines are comprehensively described. This review is important in the heterocyclic chemistry of benzoheterodiazepines and pharmacological industries in drug development processe

Recent Synthesis of Mono- & Bis-Pyranopyrazole Derivatives

Pyranopyrazole is an important structural unit in heterocyclic chemistry and is useful in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. The pyranopyrazole-based compounds are known in the agricultural industry as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticide agents and in medicinal fields as antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiHIV agents. Despite its wide range of applications, the synthesis of pyranopyrazole has several limitations such as the cost of reagents, potential environmental risks, harsh reaction conditions, longer reaction times, laborious workup procedures, and unsatisfactory yields. However, many studies have been recently reported on the synthesis of pyranopyrazoles using mild, green, and environmentally friendly methods that also give higher yields. Different catalysts and conditions have been reported for the synthesis of pyranopyrazole using four, three, and two components. Among these, four-component synthesis is commonly reported by using benzaldehyde, hydrazine derivatives, ethyl acetoacetate and malononitrile due to the commercial availability and stability of the reagents. This review summarized the recent synthesis of pyranopyrazole i. e., mono- and bis-pyranopyrazole derivatives via four-, three- and two-component-based reactions. Mono- and bis-pyranopyrazole derivatives varied due to the number of pyranopyrazole units that contributed to play an important role in increasing the binding interaction and biological activities beneficial for pharmaceutical industries

Transformative Teaching via Workshop Based Approach in Scientific Communication

The project was designed based on the Course Learning Outcomes (CLO) analysis (2017-2018) and feedbacks from Final Year Project (FYP) supervisors on weak research proposal writing skills of FYP students. The initiatives involved transforming the typical class lecture into an interactive scientific communication session. Students were exposed to real scientific communication via workshop-style delivery and projectoriented problem-based learning (PoPBL) on proposal writing projects as well as trainstorming/discussion activities during weekly meetings. The initiative is eliminating the traditional lecture and end-of-semester assignment practices. The course delivery was designed by conducting three workshops namely 1-Research Proposal Writing, 2-Research Methodology & Ethics, and 3-Effective Research Presentation. The feedbacks from the students after each workshop was overwhelming. Peer group brainstorming and discussion were conducted in the respective weekly classes, applying the concepts and tips delivered during the workshops. Students’ progress on research proposal writeup was assessed in stages throughout the course to provide immediate feedback for continuous improvement by students. Instructors’ feedback was discussed in groups to encourage students to learn from their peers. The final proposal and poster presentation were evaluated after workshop 3, where the students presented their proposals effectively. The course delivery style has remarkably improved the CLO achievements as compared to the past 2-year CLO achievements. Lots of positive feedback were received from students through the course evaluation survey and student’s final reflection on their learning

Lemongrass and Lemon Monometallic and Bimetallic Nanoparticles Synthesis and Their Applications

Nanotechnology has a lot of potential and versatility in various fields due to its special features and functions. Studies on nanotechnology have attracted a lot of attention, including those on nanomedicine and nano-absorbent to prevent, treat, diagnose, manage diseases, and degrade harmful substances. Metallic nanoparticles have great potential in this field due to their diverse properties, shapes, and sizes, which are significant to suppress microbial infections and degrade coloring toxic compounds. Among metallic nanoparticles, monometallic and bimetallic nanoparticles from biogenic plants have become intensively studied due to their effectiveness to cure infections and biofilms, treating cancer, improving dental and bone health, enhancing cardiovascular implants, speeding up wound healing, and wastewater treatment. In this review lemongrass and lemon of monometallic and bimetallic nanoparticles are comprehensively discussed focusing on the current synthesis, appearance, and the significant function of the monometallic and bimetallic nanoparticles in the health care and medicinal applications