Scalable Quantum Computing with Two-Dimensional Arrays of Trapped Ions Enabled by Fast Gates

Realising large-scale quantum computation in the near future will require increasing the number of low-error two-qubit gates that can be implemented on a quantum computer before decoherence. One of the biggest challenges facing current trapped ion quantum computers is implementing high-speed two-qubit operations, whilst increasing the number of qubits. One of the most promising proposals for overcoming current limitations is the use of ultra-fast pulses to implement fast two-qubit gates between nearest-neighbour pairs of ions. In this thesis, I investigate these ‘fast gates’ in two-dimensional arrays of microtraps, each containing a single ion. I argue that two-dimensional architectures allow for a significant reduction in the number of two-qubit gates required for a particular computation, as compared to one-dimensional ion chains. I demonstrate this reduction for a quantum simulation of a 40-mode Fermi-Hubbard Hamiltonian. I develop an efficient scheme that allows fast gates to be numerically optimised for two-dimensional geometries. I find that this optimisation scheme is capable of designing gates that are faster, higher fidelity, and require lower laser repetition rates. Using this scheme, I find that high-speed two-qubit gates can be optimised for two-dimensional architectures, with fidelities well above thresholds required for fault tolerant error correction, around 99.99%. Furthermore, I find that fast gates in these architectures are robust to the presence of large numbers of surrounding ions. Following previous studies [1, 2] which have identified pulse imperfections as a dominant source of error in fast gates, I perform a worst-case error analysis. I find the fast gates presented in this thesis to require very small errors in single-qubit rotations, and I present recommendations for achieving those requirements. I also investigate other experimental considerations, and make recommendations for overcoming other technical challenges in realising fast gates

Scalable quantum computation with fast gates in two-dimensional microtrap arrays of trapped ions

We theoretically investigate the use of fast pulsed two-qubit gates for trapped ion quantum computing in a two-dimensional microtrap architecture. In one dimension, such fast gates are optimal when employed between nearest neighbours, and we examine the generalisation to a two-dimensional geometry. We demonstrate that fast pulsed gates are capable of implementing high-fidelity entangling operations between ions in neighbouring traps faster than the trapping period, with experimentally demonstrated laser repetition rates. Notably, we find that without increasing the gate duration, high-fidelity gates are achievable even in large arrays with hundreds of ions. To demonstrate the usefulness of this proposal, we investigate the application of these gates to the digital simulation of a 40-mode Fermi-Hubbard model. This also demonstrates why shorter chains of gates required to connect arbitrary pairs of ions makes this geometry well suited for large-scale computation

Mutual friction and diffusion of two-dimensional quantum vortices

We present a microscopic open quantum systems theory of thermally-damped vortex motion in oblate atomic superfluids that includes previously neglected energy-damping interactions between superfluid and thermal atoms. This mechanism couples strongly to vortex core motion and causes dissipation of vortex energy due to mutual friction, as well as Brownian motion of vortices due to thermal fluctuations. We derive an analytic expression for the dimensionless mutual friction coefficient that gives excellent quantitative agreement with experimentally measured values, without any fitted parameters. Our work closes an existing two orders of magnitude gap between dissipation theory and experiments, previously bridged by fitted parameters, and provides a microscopic origin for the mutual friction and diffusion of quantized vortices in two-dimensional atomic superfluids

Soft Tissue Tumours with Epithelioid Morphoogy

 To study the morphologicalfindings of soft tissue sarcomas with epithelioidmorphology and their distribution with respect tothe age, gender and location

Optimized fast gates for quantum computing with trapped ions

We present an efficient approach to optimizing pulse sequences for implementing fast entangling two-qubit gates on trapped ion quantum information processors. We employ a two-phase procedure for optimizing gate fidelity, which we demonstrate for multi-ion systems in linear Paul trap and microtrap architectures. The first phase involves a global optimization over a computationally inexpensive cost function constructed under strong approximations of the gate dynamics. The second phase involves local optimizations that utilize a more precise ordinary differential equation description of the gate dynamics, which captures the nonlinearity of the Coulomb interaction and the effects of finite laser repetition rate. We propose two gate schemes that are compatible with this approach, and we demonstrate that they outperform existing schemes in terms of achievable gate speed and fidelity for feasible laser repetition rates. In optimizing sub-microsecond gates in microtrap architectures, the proposed schemes achieve orders-of-magnitude-higher fidelities than previous proposals. Finally, we investigate the impact of pulse imperfections on gate fidelity and evaluate error bounds for a range of gate speedsThis research was undertaken with the assistance of resources from the National Computational Infrastructure (NCI Australia), an NCRIS enabled capability supported by the Australian Government

Molecular cloning, characterization and expression pattern analysis of a jasmonic acid responsive sesquiterpene synthase gene from Persicaria minor

Abstract Terpenoids represent an important class of plant secondary metabolites, serving as component of plant defense against various biotic and abiotic stresses. A large number of structurally diverse terpenoid compounds have been identified from Persicaria minor (P. minor), an aromatic plant native to Malaysia. However, number of studies focusing on the P. minor terpenoid metabolism, especially at the genetic level is still very scarce. In the present study, a cDNA sequence (KT192706) from the leaves of P. minor, encoding a sesquiterpene synthase (PmSS) gene was successfully cloned. The complete sequence of PmSS comprised of 1724 bp with a 1680 bp open reading frame, corresponding to a deduced protein of 559 amino acids. Under the normal conditions, PmSS gene was found to be differentially expressed in the organs of P. minor. Significantly higher expression level of PmSS was recorded in leaves and stems which are, respectively, about 98 folds and 49 folds higher than that in the roots. In addition, the present study has also shown that the expression of PmSS gene was responsive towards the exogenous application of jasmonic acid in all organs of the P. minor

A green nutraceutical study of antioxidants extraction in Cleome brachycarpa - an ethnomedicinal plant

In the present study, an indigenous medical plant ‘Cleome brachycarpa’ was comparatively investigated for its antioxidant extraction for first time; using the soxhlet (traditional), microwave-assisted, and ultrasound-assisted (green) extraction methods with seven different solvents. The microwave-assisted extraction with methanol as solvent recovered the phytochemicals two-folds higher than the other methods with extraction efficiency of 370.57 ± 0.49 μg/ mg and correspondingly extracted the polyphenols: Phenolics (74.17 ± 0.61 μg GAE/mg DW), Flavonoids (65.46 ± 0.40 μg QE/mg DW), and Tannins (55.97 ± 0.85 μg CE/mg DW). The antioxidant capacity in relation with polyphenols was determined for Free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant potential. The DPPH radical scavenging percentage of methanolic green extract of Cleome brachycarpa was found to be 81.37 ± 0.28 with IC50 of 0.30 mg/mL that matched up to the DPPH scavenging potential of Trolox. Furthermore, the ferric reducing potential was high up to 15.30 ± 0.30 μg GAE/mg DW. The correlation of antioxidant capacity with polyphenols was highly significant (p < 0.05). The green nutraceutical study has validated the ethnomedicinal importance of Cleome brachycarpa which is related to its high polyphenolic content. The findings highlight Cleome brachycarpa as a potential candidate for research and isolation of medicinal polyphenols

Outcome of Allogeneic Transplantation for Mature T-cell Lymphomas: Impact of Donor Source and Disease Characteristics

Mature T-cell lymphomas constitute the most common indication for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) of all lymphomas. Large studies evaluating contemporary outcomes of allo-HCT in mature T-cell lymphomas relative to commonly used donor sources are not available. Included in this registry study were adult patients who had undergone allo-HCT for anaplastic large cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), or peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS) between 2008 and 2018. Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) platforms compared were posttransplant cyclophosphamidebased haploidentical (haplo-)HCT, matched sibling donor (MSD) HCT, matched unrelated donor HCT with in vivo T-cell depletion (MUD TCD+), and matched unrelated donor HCT without in vivo T-cell depletion (MUD TCD-). Coprimary end points were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS); secondary end points included nonrelapse mortality (NRM), and relapse/progression incidence (RI). A total of 1942 patients were eligible (237 haplo-HCT; 911 MSD; 468 MUD TCD+; 326 MUD TCD-). Cohorts were comparable for baseline characteristics with the exception of higher proportions of patients with decreased performance status (PS) and marrow graft recipients in the haplo-HCT group. Using univariate and multivariate comparisons, OS, PFS, RI, and NRM were not significantly different among the haplo-HCT, MSD, MUD TCD+, and MUD TCD- cohorts, with 3-year OS and PFS of 60%, 63%, 59%, and 64%, respectively, and 50%, 50%, 48%, and 52%, respectively. Significant predictors of inferior OS and PFS on multivariate analysis were active disease status at HCT and decreased PS. AITL was associated with significantly reduced relapse risk and better PFS compared with PTCL-NOS. Allo-HCT can provide durable PFS in patients with mature T-cell lymphoma (TCL). Outcomes of haplo-HCT were comparable to those of matched donor allo-HCT

Pharmacological potential of Sargassum sp. of west coast of Maharashtra Kunkeshwar, India

A promising plant group that is important in medicine is the seaweed. In this investigation, we have focused on the pharmacological prospects of brown algae (Sargassum sp). Nutraceuticals refer to products that may combine pharmacological and nutrition. We have collected the plant material close to Kunkeeshwar in Sindhudurg, Maharashtra’s western coast. We focused on the Physicochemical Attributes of Sargassum sp., and the study found that the ash value (41 ± 0.67), moisture content (1.33 ± 0.038), alcohol-soluble extractive value (1.5 ± 0.030), moisture content (1.33 ± 0.038), and total cash value (41 ± 0.67) are all stated in (%).The GCMS findings, which demonstrate that a total of 25 chemicals were discovered in the aqueous extract of Sargassum sp., also represent their nutritional profile. All of these substances have chromatograms that can be observed.1-Hexyl-2-nitrocyclohexane is the substance with the second-largest retention duration and relative areas, followed by n-hexadanoic acid. The presence of ocladecanoic acid was later determined. The explanation for how the activity is concentration-dependent is pharmacological activity, particularly antioxidant activity as shown by the DPPH assay.2μg/mL is -1545.4 ± 0.05. as a minimum. and at (32 g/mL is 7.67 ± 0.05) is the highest. The antifungal activity of Candida albicans (12.8 mm) and Aspergillus niger (14.4 mm) both exhibit zone inhibition when tested against two distinct pathogen however, the antibacterial activity of three different bacteria demonstrates that Staphylococcus aureus (12 mm), Bacillus subtilis (10 mm), Proteus mirabilis (12.8 mm), and Escherichia. coli are all zone inhibited (13mm). Brown algae offer the greatest potential for human health nutrition, while pharmacological analysis is helpful for therapeutic application, according to the overall analysis