Local Government Under Army Rule: A Comparative Analysis of Ayub khan and Zia ul Haq Local Government System

Pakistan is a country dominated by its military. In any such rule the government commences local government institutions in order to establish democracy at the core. In Pakistan the local government is the third branch of the regime and an integral part of the administration, because of its instrumental role in employing the ethics of democracy. Primarily study aims to examine and analyze the progress of Local Governments in Pakistan under the military regime of Ayub khan and Zia ul Haq. Secondarily, it is identifying the challenges faced by the system and to compare the similarities and differences between the local government systems.The local government system presented by Zia ul haq has some particular feature. Primarily, the provinces and the Federally Administered areas were given the freedom to make their own local government laws which led to the emergence of eight different ordinances. Secondly, for the rural and urban areas, same local government laws were made to avoid conflicts and to bring harmony in the rural and urban sectors by making it easy to comprehend. an invalidation of the guideline of democratic self-management in perspective of the inherent component of bureaucratic control which did not permit the delegate component to gain significant aptitude in the administration of local issues. To close, the period going before the destruction of Ayub Khan Regime, turned out to be a dim time in the historical backdrop of local government of Pakistan. Keywords: Local Government, Military Regime, Political System DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/9-3-01 Publication date:March 31st 201

Local Government Under Army Rule: A Comparative Analysis of Zia ul Haq and Pervez Musharraf Local Government System

Military of Pakistan dominates the country. In this ruling system in order to establish democracy from the beginning the government initiates local government institutions. As Pakistan is playing its instrumental role in employing the principles of democratic system, the local government is the third branch of the dominion and an essential part of the administration.The chief objective of this study is to determine and analyze the performance of Local Governments in Pakistan under the military reign of Zia ul Haq, and Pervez Musharraf Local Government system and recognizing the challenges faced by the system and to check the similarities and dissimilarities between the local government systems.Zia ul haq presented the local government system with some specific feature. Mainly, the provinces and the Federally managed areas were given the independency to make their own local government laws which led to the disclosure of eight different ordinances. The second one, for the rural and urban areas, same local government laws were made to avoid contradictions and to bring pleasing effect in the rural and urban sectors by making it convenient to comprehend an invalidation of the guideline of democratic self-management in perspective of the immanent, component of bureaucratic control which did not permit the delegate component to gain remarkable aptitude in the management of local issues. To close, the period going before the destruction of Ayub Khan ruling, turned out to be a feeble time in the historical background of local government of Pakistan. Keywords: Performance of Local Governments; Bureaucratic control; Rural and Urban sectors local government of Pakistan. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/10-6-15 Publication date:March 31st 201

Empirical Relationship between Operational Efficiency and Profitability (Evidence from Pakistan Exploration Sector)

This study is a part of our course work. In this study the operational efficiency of firms is checked against profitability. For the purpose of research oil and gas sector of Pakistan stock exchange is selected. Six years data from 2010-2015 is collected through financial reports of companies. Since efficiency can be measured through several financial ratios. In this article total asset turnover, fixed assets turnover, debtors turnover are used as explanatory variables and current ratio and quick ratio as control variables. The profitability of firms is measured through return on equity. Ordinary least square, correlation matrix and descriptive statistics are used to describe the findings of the study and features of the data. The results of the study show that the total assets turnover, debtors turnover and quick ratio have strong negative impacts on the profitability measured by ROE, of firms. The current ratio and fixed asset turnover have positive impacts on the return on equity. The results of the study support the hypothesis that efficiency as measured by (total assets turnover, debtors’ turnover, quick ratio current ratio and fixed asset turnover) has impacts on the profitability of firms

Understanding Labor Problems and the Social Consequences of Child Labor in Pakistan

Pakistan during the past nearly five decades has experienced various economic hardships and the consequent social complexities. The rapidly and constantly rising population of Pakistan together with the low rate of literacy has given rise to unemployment. Despite introduction of labor policies, the conditions of labor are far from being termed as satisfactory. The impact of labor policies and their non-implementation in true sense has developed serious socio-economic issues in Pakistan. Child labor is one of those grave issues that need serious attention not only by the government but also by the people themselves. Low rate of literacy does play significant role in this issue. This paper discusses the concern of child labor, which in the present era has emerged as a serious human rights issue, with focus on the influence of labor policies of Pakistan on child labor. Keywords: labor, child labor, socio-economic conditions DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/9-3-15 Publication date:March 31st 201

Impact of Oppressors on Truthfulness: A Case Study on University of Karachi – Students (Under-Graduate & Graduate)

Under this truth model and research study, the truth is defined as a central fold, which is communicated of its surroundings. Truth is always there available to every person for being revealed but each type of personality is distracted, distressed, dominated or oppressed with an oppressor who is a hurdle in prevalence of truth to each personality. It might be a voice, noise, a physical barrier or distortion etc..The communication type between each and every elements of the model is extra personal in nature. The truth to any one type whether, through direct or indirect interaction. Therefore, the model responds for two-way communication process where, each entity or element act as sender and as well as receiver in the same discipline.The model and research study will further help in finding the core hypothesis i.e. to calculate when the ability of truthfulness in under-graduate, post-graduate and graduate standard students come into existence when dealing with various oppressive conditions and policies i.e. being unaware with the truth, and reacted when dealt with the situation of known about the truth, furthermore; what sources are acquired for prevalence of truth. Secondly, the inheritance element in the process of discovering truth from ancestral roots and the frequency of parent child interaction in investigating of disturbing conditions and matter. How both the ends respond i.e. positively or negatively? The truth model will also be assisting in understanding the scenarios of untruthfulness (social interaction) when opposite reactions insist students to act differently to prescribed criteria and standards. Various studies show that untruthfulness occur due to in hunger and starvation. Further, truthfulness is the adverse situation in anger or aggression (need to be checked). Some other factors such as social disorder, neglected by superior authorities (teachers or maestros) also result in provoking truthfulness in the students. The model will be quite helpful in checking of such disorders of truthfulness. Keywords: Two-way Communication process, Disorders of truthfulness, Hunger and Starvation DOI: 10.7176/JESD/10-6-14 Publication date:March 31st 201

CPEC: Pakistan-China Cordial Ties - A Boost to Pakistan's Economy

This paper highlights the need of energy production in Pakistan and to determine the extent to which China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and its energy projects will contribute to the economic growth and development of Pakistan. In this regard, a fair amount of literature has been reviewed. The literature review presented confirms that a positive relationship exists between the energy production, security and economic development.  The long term friendship of Pakistan and China is discussed and how this tie has benefitted both the countries. Chinese cooperation and assistance with Pakistan is well evident from the substantial Chinese investment in Pakistan’s infrastructural expansion particularly development of Pakistan’s deep-water port at Gwadar. Under its One Belt One Road plan, China and Pakistan have collaboratively started a multibillion mega project, China Pakistan Economic Corridor. Under CPEC twenty-one energy projects being established, that is supposed to reduce the energy poverty generation in Pakistan. The study finds out that the sufficiency in energy sector will boost economy by energizing the industry and businesses as well as by creating thousands of direct and indirect employment opportunities

Role of Dictatorship in the Good Governance of Pakistan

“Government by the people, of the people, for the people” is a famous quote by Abraham Lincoln. But in Pakistan, the phrase “for the people” has a very rare existence because the politicians want to gain the maximum power rather than to work for the common masses or for the welfare of the state. Both of the two major forms of government have been practiced in Pakistan and we have experienced the repercussions of them respectively. In Pakistan dictatorship seems rightful to the fact that our country has a low literacy rate which causes hindrances for the people in the way to choose the right political party who will govern effectively for the state. And most importantly throughout the tenure of dictatorship in Pakistan, we have observed that the economy was stabilized and went to the recession which raises the question that ‘Is dictatorship more beneficial for Pakistan’s economy or not?’  Many comparative analysis studies of democracy and dictatorship have been conducted but still, the issue has not been solved that which type of government is best for Pakistan. Therefore the purpose of this research is to gather the facts and information from the common masses especially (the youth) about the dictatorship era and what role it has played in the development, economic stabilization and in the good governance of Pakistan which will help us in getting our anticipated result that whether dictatorship is suitable for Pakistan or not.The expected results and findings of our research would be indicating that either dictatorship is suitable for good governance of Pakistan or Dictatorship is not suitable for good governance of Pakistan. The second anticipated findings of data analysis might be results in approving that the major development took place in the dictatorship era or the major development did not take place in the dictatorship era. Keywords: Forms of Government in Pakistan, Dictatorship, Economic Growth and Dictatorship DOI: 10.7176/JESD/10-8-18 Publication date: April 30th 201

Influencer-driven loyalty:understanding the mediating role of customer brand engagement in the relationship between social media influencers and brand loyalty

Factors developing brand loyalty through social media influencers (SMIs) are immensely important to academics and marketing practitioners since it is a remarkable driver of organizational success. This research investigates the impact of SMIs homophily in developing customer brand engagement (CBE) and its impact on BL. We collected valid data from 412 respondents using laptop brands in Pakistan and used structural equation modeling to analyze the data. The findings indicate that the SMIs homophily is crucial in establishing CBE and BL. The results further show that CBE’s emotional and cognitive dimensions significantly mediate the relationship between SMIs homophily and BL. However, the emotional CBE has a stronger mediating impact on BL. The study provides valuable insights for brand managers to hire SMIs who resemble their fans to grab their loyalty toward the brand. This study unfolds new avenues in social media marketing, consumer behavior, and branding literature by understanding the association between SMIs homophily, CBE, and BL.</p