Factors Affecting Bahraini Women Working in the Engineering Fields

The purpose of this study is to explore the current level of contribution of Bahraini women to the engineering fields in the Kingdom of Bahrain, while specifically examining the factors that affect Bahraini women in the engineering profession. This study determines the extent to which the principles and policies of equal opportunity are implemented and their effect on the participation of women in such fields. To achieve the aims of this study, factors such as observation of work environment, characteristics, family responsibilities, culture, and equal opportunity (bias) are discussed and analyzed. This study relies on the descriptive approach, where questionnaires, which were distributed to Bahraini women engineers in both government and private sectors in different positions, are used to collect data. The sample of the respondents was drawn from different age groups and experience levels. The study shows that Arab societies need to support women engineers and try their best to increase the number participating in the engineering fields, which play an important role in the process of economic growth. From the diversity of attitudes and experiences, the status of Bahraini women engineers is not satisfactory at the present time because they must be allowed to participate in the engineering fields equally with their male counterparts in order to improve themselves and their presence and achieve equivalence in engineering fields

Experiencing transformation: the case of Jordanian nurse immigrating to the UK

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/112229/1/jocn12810.pd

Nature as a treasure trove of potential anti-SARS-CoV drug leads:a structural/mechanistic rationale

The novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a potential factor for fatal illness and a tremendous concern for global public health. The COVID-19 pandemic has entered a dangerous new phase. In the context of drug discovery, the structurally-unique and chemically-diverse natural products have been valuable sources for drug leads. In this review, we report for potential candidates derived from natural sources with well-reported in vitro efficacy against SARS-CoV during the last decade. Additionally, a library of 496 phenolic metabolites was subjected to a computer-aided virtual screening against the active site of the recently reported SARS-CoV Main protease (M(pro)). Analysis of physicochemical properties of these natural products has been carried out and presented for all the tested phenolic metabolites. Only three of the top candidates, viz. acetylglucopetunidin (31), isoxanthohumol (32) and ellagic acid (33), which are widely available in many edible fruits, obey both Lipinski's and Veber's rules of drug-likeness and thus possess high degrees of predicted bioavailability. These natural products are suggested as potential drug candidates for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics in the near future

Shared Governance among Nurses: A Descriptive Study from Jordan

Background: Shared governance (SG) of employees is crucial in building trust within healthcare organizations. Control over practice, ownership of actions, the feeling of independence, and involvement in work decisions significantly increases employees’ intent to stay, whereas exclusion from the decision-making process leads to a higher rate of turnover. Improve decision-making and enhance collaboration among the nursing staff and nurse leaders; pave the way for greater autonomy and management of healthcare delivery. Purpose: To examine the SG perceptions among Jordanian registered nurses in different clinical areas. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used. A convenience sample of 261 nurses was recruited from three hospitals in Jordan between 2017 and 2018. tool Results: The total SG score ranged between 86 and 344 with a mean of 175.6. There was a slight difference in total SG scores among hospitals. However, when the subscales were compared across the three hospitals, some differences emerged specifically in nurses’ total perceived personnel and total perceived goal and conflict. The median age of the sample was 28 years, and about half of them (54%) were males. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that there is room to increase the level of nurses’ control and influence in decision-making, particularly in those departments that scored lower on the IPNG    Implications: The study results have implications for nursing administration, policy development, and decision-making when choosing/adopting a model of organizational SG to cultivate excellence in the workplace. Key Words: Shared Governance; Registered nurses; Work environment &nbsp

Remdesivir and three other drugs for hospitalised patients with COVID-19: final results of the WHO Solidarity randomised trial and updated meta-analyses.

BACKGROUND World Health Organization expert groups recommended mortality trials of four repurposed antiviral drugs - remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, and interferon beta-1a - in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). METHODS We randomly assigned inpatients with Covid-19 equally between one of the trial drug regimens that was locally available and open control (up to five options, four active and the local standard of care). The intention-to-treat primary analyses examined in-hospital mortality in the four pairwise comparisons of each trial drug and its control (drug available but patient assigned to the same care without that drug). Rate ratios for death were calculated with stratification according to age and status regarding mechanical ventilation at trial entry. RESULTS At 405 hospitals in 30 countries, 11,330 adults underwent randomization; 2750 were assigned to receive remdesivir, 954 to hydroxychloroquine, 1411 to lopinavir (without interferon), 2063 to interferon (including 651 to interferon plus lopinavir), and 4088 to no trial drug. Adherence was 94 to 96% midway through treatment, with 2 to 6% crossover. In total, 1253 deaths were reported (median day of death, day 8; interquartile range, 4 to 14). The Kaplan-Meier 28-day mortality was 11.8% (39.0% if the patient was already receiving ventilation at randomization and 9.5% otherwise). Death occurred in 301 of 2743 patients receiving remdesivir and in 303 of 2708 receiving its control (rate ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81 to 1.11; P = 0.50), in 104 of 947 patients receiving hydroxychloroquine and in 84 of 906 receiving its control (rate ratio, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.89 to 1.59; P = 0.23), in 148 of 1399 patients receiving lopinavir and in 146 of 1372 receiving its control (rate ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.25; P = 0.97), and in 243 of 2050 patients receiving interferon and in 216 of 2050 receiving its control (rate ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.39; P = 0.11). No drug definitely reduced mortality, overall or in any subgroup, or reduced initiation of ventilation or hospitalization duration. CONCLUSIONS These remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, and interferon regimens had little or no effect on hospitalized patients with Covid-19, as indicated by overall mortality, initiation of ventilation, and duration of hospital stay. (Funded by the World Health Organization; ISRCTN Registry number, ISRCTN83971151; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04315948.)

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Intra-Corneal Lens'i̇n post-operati̇f parametreleri̇ni̇ koruma i̇çi̇n akilli bi̇r algori̇tma

Lens implantation has become easier than before due to the studies that conducted to avoid complications when and after the implantation operation,the most inevitable approach to avoid the risk of ICL implantation and overcome the complications is to accomplish the best possible separation between the back ICL surface and the anterior crystalline lens pole which it is called in the terminology of ophthalmology the vault. Recently, machine learning technique is broadly employed in research especially in medical images due to the ability to analyze the data and also using intelligent methods in order to make a suitable decision which assists physicians in the interpretation the images. in this thesis, the machine learning algorithms have been exploited in order to evaluate the postoperative patient eye status, in particular, through building a system with two split phases, feature extraction, and classification. Edge histogram descriptor (EHD) and color layout descriptor (CLD) used for extract the features from the images, whilst, Naïve Bayes and decision tree classifier used for classification, on the other hand, a Hidden Markov Model has employed for diagnoses the Post-Operative eye patient stats via using 3-States after obtaining and mining the characteristics of the input images using singular decomposition value, finally, the precision of the system has calculated for each model.İmplantasyon operasyonu esnasında ve sonrasında meydana gelebilecek komplikasyonları önlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar sayesinde, lens implantasyonu eskiye göre daha kolay yapılmaktadır. Burada ICL implantasyonunda risklerden kaçınmak ve komplikasyonların önüne geçebilmek için en önemli yaklaşım arka ICL yüzeyi ile göz bilim terminolojisinde kubbe adı verilen ön kristal lens arasında mümkün olan en iyi ayrımı elde etmektir. Son zamanlarda, görüntü yorumlama konusunda hekimlere yardımcı olacak uygun bir karar verebilmek için veri analizi yapma ve akıllı yöntemler kullanabilme kabiliyetinden dolayı makine öğrenimi tekniği bilhassa tıbbi görüntüleme olmak üzere bilimsel araştırmalarda sıklıkla kullanılır hale gelmiştir. Bu tez çalışmasında, özellik çıkarma ve sınıflandırma olmak üzere iki farklı evreden oluşan bir sistem inşa edilerek hastanın ameliyat sonrası göz durumunun değerlendirilmesi amacıyla makine öğrenimi algoritmaları kullanılmıştır. Görüntülerden özelliklerin çıkarılması için kenar histogramı belirticisi (EHD) ve renk dağılımı belirticisi (CLD) kullanılmış olup sınıflandırma için Naïve Bayes ve karar şeması sınıflandırması kullanılmıştır. Diğer yandan, ameliyat sonrası göz istatistiklerinin teşhisi için tekil değer ayrışımı kullanılarak girdi görüntülerinin özellikleri elde edildikten sonra Saklı Markov Modeli kullanılmış ve son olarak her bir model için sistemin hassasiyet düzeyi hesaplanmıştır

Design of Islamic Parametric Elevation for Interior, Enclosed Corridors to Optimize Daylighting and Solar Radiation Exposure in a Desert Climate: A Case Study of the University of Sharjah, UAE

This study used innovative computational design tools to improve a corridor’s visual and environmental conditions, such as solar radiation exposure and optimal daylighting, at the University of Sharjah’s (UoS) campus in the United Arab Emirates. The research methodology used computational design software to develop two sets of codes. The first set was dedicated to conducting environmental study simulations that assessed the corridor’s performance and classified site-dependent parameters such as sun path analysis and wind rose diagrams, and pattern-dependent parameters such as solar radiation analysis and shadow study diagrams. The second code set generated Islamic geometric patterns, following the design scheme of the University. Varying typologies were produced using the two parameters to change the pattern’s porous size, shape, and gradient