Assessment of splenic function

Hyposplenic patients are at risk of overwhelming post-splenectomy infection (OPSI), which carries mortality of up to 70%. Therefore, preventive measures are warranted. However, patients with diminished splenic function are difficult to identify. In this review we discuss immunological, haematological and scintigraphic parameters that can be used to measure splenic function. IgM memory B cells are a potential parameter for assessing splenic function; however, more studies are necessary for its validation. Detection of Howell–Jolly bodies does not reflect splenic function accurately, whereas determining the percentage of pitted erythrocytes is a well-evaluated method and seems a good first-line investigation for assessing splenic function. When assessing spleen function, 99mTc-labelled, heat-altered, autologous erythrocyte scintigraphy with multimodality single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)-CT technology is the best approach, as all facets of splenic function are evaluated. In conclusion, although scintigraphic methods are most reliable, they are not suitable for screening large populations. We therefore recommend using the percentage of pitted erythrocytes, albeit suboptimal, as a first-line investigation and subsequently confirming abnormal readings by means of scintigraphy. More studies evaluating the value of potentially new markers are needed

Quality Control of Trichogramma atopovirilia and Trichogramma pretiosum (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) adults reared under laboratory conditions

The objective of this work was to assess the flight capacity, parasitism and emergence of Trichogramma atopoviriliaand two strains of T. pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) (L1 and L2). The flight capacity of these species was assessed in test units consisting of a plastic PVC cylinder with a rigid transparent plastic circle on the upper part and an extruded polystyrene disk closing its bottom. A tube was placed in each test unit containing a card with 300 Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs parasitised by Trichogramma. These cards were assessed to determine the parasitism rate and adult emergence of these natural enemies. T. atopovirilia and T. pretiosum L1 presented adequate flight capacity and parasitism, in addition to high percentages of adults emerged

Genetic Basis of Myocarditis: Myth or Reality?

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Strongyloides stercoralis : global distribution and risk factors

The soil-transmitted threadworm, Strongyloides stercoralis, is one of the most neglected among the so-called neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). We reviewed studies of the last 20 years on S. stercoralis's global prevalence in general populations and risk groups.; A literature search was performed in PubMed for articles published between January 1989 and October 2011. Articles presenting information on infection prevalence were included. A Bayesian meta-analysis was carried out to obtain country-specific prevalence estimates and to compare disease odds ratios in different risk groups taking into account the sensitivities of the diagnostic methods applied. A total of 354 studies from 78 countries were included for the prevalence calculations, 194 (62.4%) were community-based studies, 121 (34.2%) were hospital-based studies and 39 (11.0%) were studies on refugees and immigrants. World maps with country data are provided. In numerous African, Asian and South-American resource-poor countries, information on S. stercoralis is lacking. The meta-analysis showed an association between HIV-infection/alcoholism and S. stercoralis infection (OR: 2.17 BCI: 1.18-4.01; OR: 6.69; BCI: 1.47-33.8), respectively.; Our findings show high infection prevalence rates in the general population in selected countries and geographical regions. S. stercoralis infection is prominent in several risk groups. Adequate information on the prevalence is still lacking from many countries. However, current information underscore that S. stercoralis must not be neglected. Further assessments in socio-economic and ecological settings are needed and integration into global helminth control is warranted

Custo da produção de silagens em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária sob plantio direto

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o custo operacional total (COT) da produção de silagens em sistemas produtivos de Integração Lavoura-Pecuária (ILP), a produtividade de massa seca (PMS) e a quantidade de proteína bruta (PB) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), por área, em cada modalidade de cultivo sob condições irrigadas, no Cerrado, durante dois anos agrícolas (2010/2011 e 2011/2012). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos constituídos de três modalidades de cultivo das culturas do milho e do sorgo para silagem (solteiro; em consórcio com a Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés e com Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia). Constatou-se que a silagem de sorgo apresentou custo de produção inferior ao da silagem de milho. Os maiores COTs foram obtidos no consórcio de milho com capim Xaraés (R$2.046,93 e de R$ 2.385,40) e, os menores, nos cultivos de sorgo solteiro (R$1.815,93 e de R$ 1.941,62), para os dois anos agrícolas. Os tratamentos com cultivos exclusivos (de sorgo e de milho) proporcionaram maiores valores de PMS no primeiro ano; porém, no segundo ano, os maiores valores foram proporcionados pelos cultivos consorciados de ambas as espécies com Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia. Os valores de PB e NDT por área variaram entre os tratamentos nos dois anos agrícolas e seguiram o padrão da PMS, sendo os maiores valores proporcionados também pelos consórcios de sorgo e milho com o capim Tanzânia