Modified PZT ceramics as a material that can be used in micromechatronics

Results on investigations of the PZT type ceramics with the following chemical composition: Pb0.94Sr0.06(Zr0.50 Ti0.50)0.99 Cr0.01O3 (PSZTC) which belongs to a group of multicomponent ceramic materials obtained on basis of the PZT type solid solution, are presented in this work. Ceramics PSZTC was obtained by a free sintering method under the following conditions: T sint = 1250 °C and t sint = 2 h. Ceramic compacts of specimens for the sintering process were made from the ceramic mass consisting of a mixture of the synthesized PSZTC powder and 3% polyvinyl alcohol while wet. The PSZTC ceramic specimens were subjected to poling by two methods: low temperature and high temperature. On the basis of the examinations made it has been found that the ceramics obtained belongs to ferroelectric-hard materials and that is why it may be used to build resonators, filters and ultrasonic transducers

Electric and mechanical properties of Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O-3 ferroelectric ceramics

In this work we report the synthesis of the Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3 (PFN) powders and sintered ceramics. The ceramics were prepared from oxides: Fe2O3, Nb2O5 and PbO by two-stage columbite method by calcination. PFN powders were dried and formed in samples in shape of discs (10 × 1) mm3 and rectangular bars (26 × 10 × 1) mm3. The samples were sintered by conventional ceramic sintering (CCS) method at temperature of 1323 K for 2 h in air. The density of the ceramic samples was determined to be ρ = 8200 kg/m3. The obtained results of investigations of electric and mechanical properties such as: Young’s modulus E, electric permittivity ε and tangent of dielectric loss of angle tan δ of the Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3 ceramics obtained are presented

The Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3 ferroelectromagnetic ceramics in a view of possibilities to be used for electric transducers

The PbFe1=2Nb1=2O3 (PFN) ceramics can be obtained by a lot of ways. There are a lot of methods and techniques to synthesize the PFN powder such as: reactions in the solid phase by one-stage or two-stage synthesizing method (the columbite method), molten salt synthesis, sol-gel, co-precipitation method and sintering of compacts from a loose mixture of powders. Each of them requires accuracy and precision to conduct a technological process, aiming at obtaining a product with the optimum parameters. In the work PFN specimens were obtained by one-stage synthesis methods using two different powder synthesizing techniques: by calcining (sintering of a loose mixture of the PFN powder) and as a result of sintering of pressed compacts from the PFN powder mixture at high temperature (pressing). The obtained specimens were subjected to X-ray and micro-structural examinations and tests of internal friction and dielectric properties. The tests showed that the ceramics obtained by the powder calcining method has better applied properties

Effects of y irradiation on the electric conduction of PZT ceramic system

In the work, the results of investigations of the electric conduction of the PZT ceramics with the two following compositions: Pb0.94Sr0.06(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 + 0.25% wt. Cr2O3 (hard material) and (Pb0.9Ba0.1)(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 + 1.67% wt. Nb2O5 (soft material), are presented. The “soft” ceramics are characterized by high electric values ("T33/"0 > 1300 (in room temperature), d31 = 120 · 10−12 C/N) and electromechanical coupling coefficient (kp > 0.5). Due to good parameters it is used in electromechanical transducers of low frequency. The “hard” PZT ceramics, which are used in resonators, filters and ultrasound transducers are characterized by the following parameters: "T 33/"0 > 900 (in room temperature), d31 = 65·10−12 C/N and electromechanical coupling coefficient kp > 0.35. The temperature dependences of the electric conduction for all samples before and after irradiation with dose of 20 kGy were performed. The activation energy Ea was calculated on the basis of the ln = f(1/T) dependences

The ferroelectric PLZT type ceramics as a material for transducers

Modification of the PZT system by the addition La3+ ions has marked beneficial effect on several the basic parameters, such as squerness of the hysteresis loop, decreased coercive filed, increased dielectric constant, maximum coupling coefficients, increased mechanical compliance, and enhanced optical transparency. The mechanical and electrical properties in lanthanum modified lead zirconate-titanate ceramics of 5/50/50 and 10/50/50 were studied by electric permittivity ε and dielectric losses tan δ measurements. The temperature dependences of ε = f(T) and tan δ = f(T) were determinate in temperature range from 300 K to 730 K. The values of TC obtained during ε and tan δ measurements were respectively: 560 K for 5/50/50 and 419 K for 10/50/50

Mechanical losses and dielectric properties in ferroelectric-ferromagnetic composites

The work presents the technology and investigation results of ferroelectric-ferromagnetic composites based on ferroelectric powders of the PZT type and ferrite. The ferroelectric powder comprised two PZT type compositions: Pb0.84Ba0.16(Zr0.54Ti0.46)O3 + 1.0%at. Nb2O5 (PBZTN) and Pb(Zr0.51Ti0.49)O3 + 0.2%at. Bi2O3 + 0.03%at. Nb2O5 + 0.06%at. MnO2 (PZTBNM). The initial constituents for obtaining the PZT type powders included oxides: PbO, ZrO2, TiO2, Nb2O5, Cr2O3 as well as carbonates: barium BaCO3 and strontium SrCO3. In the PZT-ferrite composites, the synthesized ferroelectric powder constituted 90%, whereas the ferrite powder (Ni0.64Zn0.36Fe2O4) was 10%. Temperature examinations of the internal friction (IF) of the PZT-ferrite type composites, which belong to nondestructive methods of material examination in mechanical spectrometry, and also measurements of the dielectric properties were performed. The IF method enabled the authors to determine mechanical properties such as mechanical losses or value of Young's modulus in a broad range of temperatures. For both the investigated composites, an increase in mechanical losses Q–1 and decrease in Young's modulus Y with an increase in temperature were observed. At the phase transition point connected with an electric sub-system change while changing from the ferroelectric to paraelectric state, a rapid increase in Young's modulus Ywas observed. It was confirmed in further investigations of dielectric properties ε(T) i tanδ (T).[1] Xu Y., Ferroelectric Materials and their Applications, North Holland, Amsterdam 1991. [2] Long W., Ching-Chuang W., Tien-Shon W., Hs-Chuan L., Improved ceramics for piezoelectric devices, Journal Physics C: Solid State Physics 1983, 16, 2813-2821. [3] Fesenko E.G., Danciger A.Ya., Rozumovskaya O.N., Novye pieokeramicheskie materialy, Izd. RGU, Rostov na Donu 1983. [4] Zachariasz R, Bochenek D., Properties of the PZT type ceramics admixed with barium and niobium, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 2009, 54, 895-902. [5] Zachariasz R., Bochenek D., Dziadosz K., Ilczuk J., Dudek J., Influence of the Nb and Ba dopands on the properties of the PZT type ceramics, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 2011, 56, 1217-1222. [6] Penchal Reddy M., Madhuri W., Ramamanohar Reddy N., Siva Kumar K.V., Murthy V.R.K., Ramakrishna Reddy R., Magnetic properties of Ni-Zn ferrites prepared by microwave sintering method, Journal of Electroceramics 2012, 28, 1-9. [7] Ghatak S., Meikap A.K., Sinha M., Pradhan S.K., Electrical conductivity, magnetoconductivity and dielectric behaviour of (Mg, Ni) - ferrite below room temperature, Materials Sciences and Applications 2010, 1, 177-186. [8] Ravi Kumar G., Venudhar Y.C., Raghavender A.T., Vijaya Kumar K., Electrical properties of copper substituted nickel ferrites, Journal of the Korean Physical Society 2012, 60, 1082-1086. [9] Puskar A., Internal Friction of Materials, Cambridge International Science Publishing, Cambridge 2001. [10] Elkoun S., David L., Magalas B.L., Mechanical Spectroscopy and other Relaxation Spectroscopies, Solid State Phenomena, 2003, 89, 31. [11] Wang C., Fang Q.F., Shi Y., Zhu Z.G., Internal friction study on oxygen vacancies and domain walls in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 ceramics, Materials Ressearch Bulletin 2001, 36, 2657--2665. [12] Zachariasz R., Zarycka A., Ilczuk J., Determination of the lead titanate zirconate phase diagram by the measurements of the internal friction and Young’s modulus, Material Science 2005, 25, 781-789. [13] Gutierrez-Urrutia L.M., Carreno-Morelli E., Guisolan B., Schaller R., San-Juan J., High performance very low frequency forced pendulum, Materials Science Engineering, 2004, A370, 435-439. [14] Bruś B., Zachariasz R., Ilczuk J., The influence of the point defects on the relaxation processes in a ceramics of the PZT type, Physica Status Solidi 2001, A 201, 249-254. [15] Bruś B., Zachariasz R., Ilczuk J., Zarycka A., Internal friction in hard and soft PZT-based ceramics, Archives of Acoustics 2005, 30(4), 59-62. [16] Trojanova Z., Lukac P., Ferkel H., Riehemann W., Internal friction in microcrystalline and nanocrystalline Mg, Materials Science and Engineering 2004, A 370, 154-157. [17] Zachariasz R., Czerwiec M., Brzezińska D., Ilczuk J., Ferroelectric and ferromagnetic ceramics in a view of possibilities to be used in electroacoustics, Hydroacoustics 2008, 11, 63-70. [18] Miloshenko V.E., Kalyadin O.V., Superconductors and the method of low - frequency internal friction, Metal Science and Heat Treatment 2012, 54, 281-284. [19] Zachariasz R., Zarycka A., Ilczuk J., Chrobak A., The internal friction related to the mobility of domain wall in the PZT ceramics obtained by the sol-gel method, Material Science 2005, 23(1), 159-166. [20] Zachariasz R., Bruś B., Bartkowska J., Bluszcz J., Ilczuk J., Domain wall motion effect in piezoelectric ceramics, Journal de Physique IV, 2006, 137, 19-21. [21] Bochenek D., Niemiec P., Wawrzała P., Chrobak A., Multiferroic ceramic composites based on PZT type ceramic and NiZnFe, Ferroelectrics 2013, 448, 96-105. [22] Bochenek D., Grabowski F., Niemiec P., Influence of cobalt admixture on the microstructure and dielectric properties of PFN ceramics, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 2011, 56, 1071-1076. [23] Frayssignes H., Gabbay M., Fantozzi G., Porch N.J., Cheng B.L., Button T.W., Internal friction in hard and soft PZT-based ceramics, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2004, 24, 2989-2994

Internal friction in the PFN ceramics with chromium dopand

An aim of this work was to determine an influence of an admixture, the chromium (for x from 0.01 to 0.06), on the mechanical properties of the PFN ceramics. The ceramics with chemical composition Pb(Fe0.5-xCrxNb0.5)O3was synthesized in two steps from simple oxides PbO, Fe2O3, Nb2O5, Cr2O3. The first stage was based on obtaining the FeNbO4from the Fe2O3 and Nb2O5simple oxides. At this stage an admixture in a form the Cr2O3chromium oxide was added to the solution. In the second stage the PbO lead oxide and the doped FeNbO4(obtained earlier) were synthetized. The sintering of ceramic samples PFCN type was carried out by free sintering method. Temperature measurements of the internal friction were conducted on a computer-controlled automatic resonant mechanical spectrometer (heating cycle with 3 deg/min).[1] R. Zachariasz, D. Bochenek, Parameters of ceramics obtained on the base PZT used to build electroacoustic converters,J. Phys. IV 137, 189-192 (2006). [2] D. Bochenek, J. Dudek, Influence of the processing conditions on the properties of the biferroic Pb (Fe1/2Nb1/2) O3 ceramics, Eur. Phys. J –Spec. Top. 154, 19-22 (2008). [3] K.F. Wang, J.-M. Liu, Z.F. Ren, Multiferroicity: the coupling between magnetic and polarization orders, Adv. Phys. 58, 4, 321-448 (2009). [4] O. Raymond, R. Font, N. Suárez – Almodovar, J. Portelles, J. M. Siqueiros, Frequency-temperature response of ferroelectromagnetic PbFe1/2Nb1/2O3 ceramics obtained by different precursors. Part I. Structural and thermo-electrical characterization, J. Appl. Phys. 97, 084107 (2005). [5] M.H. Lente, J.D.S. Guerra, G.K.S. de Souza, B.M. Fraygola, C.F.V. Raigoza, D. Garcia, J.A. Eiras, Nature of the magnetoelectric coupling in multiferroic Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3 ceramics, Phys. Rev. B 78, 054109-1–054109-6 (2008). [6] J.T. Wang, M.K. Mbonye, Ch. Ahang, Dielectric, piezoelectric and magnetic properties of ferroelectromagnet Pb(Fe1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PFN) ceramics, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 17, 3732-3737 (2003). [7] D. Bochenek, P. kruk, r. Skulski, P. Wawrzała, Multiferroic ceramics Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3 doped by Li, J. Electroceram. 26, 8–13 (2011). [8] D. Bochenek, Z. Surowiak, Influence of admixtures on the properties of biferroic Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3 ceramics, Phys. Status Solidi A 206, 2857–2865 (2009). [9] k. Wójcik, k. Zieleniec, M. Mulata, electrical Properties of Lead Iron Niobate PFN, Ferroelectrics 289, 107 (2003). [10] R. Zachariasz, B. Brus, A. Zarycka, M. Czerwiec, J. Ilczuk, An application of measurements of amplitude internal friction dependences for tests of ceramic materials, Phys. Status Solidi A 205, 1120-1125 (2008). [11] A. Zarycka, R. Zachariasz, J. Ilczuk, A. Chrobak, Internal friction related to the mobility of domain walls in sol-gel derived PZT ceramics, Materials Science – Poland 23 (1), 159-165 (2005). [12] R. Zachariasz, J.A. Bartkowska, D. Bochenek, P. Niemiec, Internal friction in the ferroelectric-ferromagnetic composites, Arch. Metall. Mater. 58, 1327-1330 (2013) [13] D. Bochenek, Z. Surowiak, J. Krok – Kowalski, J. Poltierova – Vejpravova, Influence of the sintering conditions on the physical proprieties of the ceramic PFN multiferroics, J. Electroceram. 25, 122-129 (2010). [14] K. Singh, S.A. Band, W.K. Kinge, Effect of sintering temperature on dielectric properties of perowskite material, Ferroelectrics 306, 179-185 (2004). [15] R. Zachariasz, B. Bruś, A. Zarycka, M. czerwiec, J. Ilczuk, Application of measurements of internal friction amplitude dependences for tests of ceramic materials, Phys. Status Solidi A 205(51), 120-1125 (2008). [16] R. Zachariasz, D. Bochenek, Low frequency elastic and anelastic properties of Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3 ferroelectric ceramics; Eur. Phys. J –Spec. Top. 154, 253-256 (2008). [17] J.F. Delorme, I.N.S.A. Villeurbanne, P.F. Gobin, Internal Friction and Microdeformation Associated With Martensitic Transformation of Metallic Solids – 1: Metaux (Corros -Ind) 48, 573, 185-200 (1973

Internal friction phenomena in composites based on PZT-type ferroelectric powder and ferrites

The aim of the work was to determine the phenomena of internal friction (mechanical losses) occurring in ferroelectric-ferromagnetic composites created based on PZT-type ferroelectric powder and ferrite. The composites were obtained using ceramic powders – multi-component PZT-type solid solutions with ferroelectric properties. Their magnetic component included zinc-nickel powder Ni0.64Zn0.36Fe2O4. 30 × 10 × 1 mm3 test specimens were obtained using free sintering. Temperature Q -1(T) and amplitude Q -1(ε) internal friction dependencies were determined. Wide high temperature maxima were observed with regard to the internal friction temperature dependencies obtained for the tested specimens. The conducted measurements of amplitude (isothermal) dependencies of internal friction Q -1(ε) for the tested composites have allowed for interpreting the previously observed maximum on the temperature dependencies of internal friction

Ferroelectromagnetic Smart Structures (1-x)Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3-(x)BiFeO3

In this work an attempt was made to obtain three compositions of the solid solution (1¡x)Pb(Fe0:5Nb0:5)O3– (x)BiFeO3 for x = 0:8, 0.7 and 0.6. The obtained specimens were subjected to microstructure and dielectric examinations and temperature dependences of the internal friction Q¡1(T) and Young’s modulus E(T)

The influence of the La3+ content on the mechanical properties of electrooptic transducers based on PLZT type ceramics

Modification of the PZT system by the addition La3+ ions has marked beneficial effect on several the basic parameters, such as squerness of the hysteresis loop, decreased coercive filed, increased dielectric constant, maximum coupling coefficients, increased mechanical compliance, decreased Tc temperature, and enhanced optical transparency. The mechanical and electrical properties in lanthanum modified lead zirconate-titanate ceramics of 5/50/50 and 10/50/50 were studied by internal friction Q¡1, dynamic Young modulus E, electric permittivity " and tangent of dielectric loss of angle tan± measurements. The temperature dependences of Q¡1 = f(T) and E = f(T) were determinated in temperature range from 300 K to 600 K. The temperature dependences of " = f(T) and tan± = f(T) were determinated in temperature range from 300 K to 730 K. The values of TC obtained during " and tan± measurements were respectively: 560 K for 5/50/50 and 419 K for 10/50/50