Effect of fermenting cassava with Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cereviseae, and Rhizopus oryzae on the chemical composition of their flour

Cassava production has increased consistenly in Indonesia. Cassava contains toxic substances, including of cyanide acid. Another, it has low content in protein, minerals, and vitamins. Therefore, a special proccessing is important prior to consumption. In this study, modified cassava production without any additional nutrients at different microorganisms and fermentation times, was investigated. Proximate and minerals composition of fermenting flour were also presented. It was found that at the microbial to cassava mass ratio of 1% for fermentation time of 120 h, L. plantarum, S. cereviseae, and R. oryzae on cassava can increase the levels of protein from 1.92% to 8.58%, 2.29%, and 4.72%, respectively. In addition, it can reduce starch content after fermentation in a number of 55.40%, 71.03%, and 48.20%, respectively. Moreover, the levels of cyanide acid was decreased from 17.5 mg/kg to 1.8, 3.28, and 3.17 mg/kg, respectively

Co-Pyrolysis Characteristics of Indonesia Low Rank Coal and Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

Co-pyrolysis behaviors of Indonesia low rank coal and oil palm empty fruit bunch were studied in a droptubed reactor under nitrogen atmosphere. The pyrolysis temperatures were 300oC, 400C 500oC, 600oC and 700oC, respectively. Five differents biomass ratios (coal/oil palm empthy fruit bunch (w/w): 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, 0/100) were used. Gas and tar components were analyzed by a gas chromatograph and a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, respectively. Under co-pyrolysis conditions, the gas volume yields are lower than the calculated values and H2 content in the gas phase was higher. The changes of gas yield and components are probably caused by the secondary reactions and tar decomposition.Co-pyrolysis tar contains more acid and ester compounds. The addition of biomass changes the atmosphere during the pyrolysis process and promotes tar decomposition. The results of char yields were higher than the calculated values during co-pyrolysis