Protosan infection of small ruminants in south part of Serbia with emphasis to north Kosovo

Enteral protozoan infection was of great importance to health status of small ruminants and its performances. This was parasitic infection caused by protosoas from genus Eimeria, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Lamb and kids infection had moderate morbidity and low mortality rate. Clinical sign of infection is usually presented in animals at 4-10 days old. The study about parasitic fauna - protozoa helminths, and arthropods of small ruminant at south part of Serbia, with emphasis to North Kosovo were performed during 2017. The study included the examination in total of herds flocks of goats and sheep from Zvečan and Leposavić district (villages Ceranja, Majdevo, Zemanica, Mure, Rudine, Žitkovac, Oraovica, Mošnica, Donji Krnjin, Belo brdo, Mioliće, Drenova and Beliće. Colected faeces samples were examined using routine coprological methods. Determination of parasites we performed by morphological characteristc. Infection with protosoa occurred at and on 46.14% of examined sheep and 29.42% of examined goat herds. Coccidiosis was found at 43 sheep and 27 goat herds. We usally occured mixed infection with 2-3 coccidia species. At sheep most abundant species were E faurei, followed by Eimeria ahsata, E.ovinoidalis, E. intricata and E. pallida. At goats most abundant species were E.arlongy, folwed by infection with E. hirci, E.nina-kohlyakimovae, E. christenseni and E. caprina. Oocyst were found at adult ant young animals, but clinical sign of disease were present only at young animals. During our examination Cryptospoidium spp. was found at 29 sheep and 23 goat herds. Determination of subspecies we not performed. Lambs between five and twenty-one days were the most susceptible for infection. Lambs cryptosporidiosis has high morbidity and mortality rate. Symptoms of acute cryptosporidiosis include inapetence, and weight loss. Infection with Giardia duodenalis was found at 2 sheep herd. Determination of subspecies we not performed

Valorisation of Biowastes for the Production of Green Materials Using Chemical Methods

With crude oil reserves dwindling, the hunt for a sustainable alternative feedstock for fuels and materials for our society continues to expand. The biorefinery concept has enjoyed both a surge in popularity and also vocal opposition to the idea of diverting food-grade land and crops for this purpose. The idea of using the inevitable wastes arising from biomass processing, particularly farming and food production, is, therefore, gaining more attention as the feedstock for the biorefinery. For the three main components of biomass—carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins—there are long-established processes for using some of these by-products. However, the recent advances in chemical technologies are expanding both the feedstocks available for processing and the products that be obtained. Herein, this review presents some of the more recent developments in processing these molecules for green materials, as well as case studies that bring these technologies and materials together into final products for applied usage

The effect of ovarian hormones on antioxidant enzyme activities in the brain of male rats

The brain is widely responsive to gonadal hormones. The functional significance of ovarian hormones in the brain is evident from biochemical studies indicating that estradiol or progesterone treatment of testectomized rats produces changes of antioxidant enzyme activities. The effect of estradiol benzoate (EB) and progesterone (P) in the control of antioxidant (AO) enzyme activities was studied in the brain of adult male Wistar rats. The activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured in appropriate subcellular fractions, prepared from brains of animals belonging to various experimental groups. These groups were designed with the intention to follow changes in enzyme activities 2 h or 24 h after systemic administration of 5 mug EB or 2 mg P to testectomized (TX) animals. The obtained results show that both EB and P increase CAT activity, whereas EB decreases GSH-Px, GST and GR activities. These findings clearly show the modulatory role of EB and P in the control of enzymes responsible for the protection of rat nerve cells against oxidative damage caused by free oxygen radicals

Effects of progesterone and estradiol benzoate on superoxide dismutase activity in the brain of male rats

The activities of mitochondrial, manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and cytoplasmic, copper-zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) were measured in subcellular fractions of whole brain homogenates prepared from intact and gonadectomized (GDX) male rats, untreated or treated subcutaneously (sc) with a single dose of 2 mg progesterone (P) and/or 5 mu g estradiol benzoate (EB). Neither MnSOD nor CuZnSOD was affected by the removal of the testes. Similarly, CuZnSOD activity was steady following systemic administration of P and/or EB to intact and GDX animals 2 h or 24 h prior to sacrifice. On the other hand, both P and EB suppressed MnSOD in the brain of either intact or GDX rats. These results suggest involvement of P and EB in the control of MnSOD activity in the brain of male rats

Effects of progesterone and estradiol benzoate on glutathione dependent antioxidant enzyme activities in the brain of female rats

The activities of glutathione dependent antioxidant enzymes were measured in subcellular fractions of whole brain homogenates prepared from ovariectomized (OVX) female rats, untreated or treated 2 h or 24 h prior to sacrifice with a single dose of 2 mg progesterone (P) or 5 mu g estradiol benzoate (EB). Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was not changed following systemic administration of EB, but P increased GSH-Px in the brain of OVX rats 24 h after the treatment. The activity of glutathione reductase (GR) was suppressed by EB short time, only 2 h following treatment, whereas P increased the enzyme activity 24 h after treatment. On the other hand, the activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were not changed following systemic administration of EB or P. The present work was carried out to study the involvement of ovarian steroids, especially P, in the control of GSH-Px and GR activities, and our results suggest that oxidative stress in the brain of female rats may be modulated by the level of progesterone

Glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzyme activities and glutathione content in the rat brain at different stages of oestrous cycle

Enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase and catalase, as well as the glutathione content were measured in the brain tissue of regularly cycling rats at dioestrus, proestrus and estrus. The activity of glutathione peroxidase was found to be suppressed at proestrus, whereas that of catalase was increased at dioestrus. Glutathione transferase and glutathione reductase activities, as well as the glutathione content appeared to be stable during the oestrous cycle. These results suggest that, in the female rat, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities in the brain tissue are influenced by the ovarian hormone status