Rational design of new chemotherapeutic agents: identification and kinetic studies of new inhibitors of glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma cruzi

As doenças negligenciadas são conseqüências marcantes do subdesenvolvimento que atinge diversas regiões do planeta. Dentre estas, destaca-se a Doença de Chagas, causada pelo parasita Trypanosoma cruzi, a qual afeta aproximadamente um quarto da população da América Latina e para qual os fármacos utilizados apresentam baixa eficácia, toxidez e sérios efeitos colaterais. Este quadro é agravado pela emergência de cepas resistentes, o que indica a grande necessidade de desenvolvimento de novos agentes quimioterápicos contra esta doença. A enzima gliceraldeído-3-fosfato desidrogenase (GAPDH) da via glicolítica do T. cruzi é um alvo macromolecular interessante devido ao seu papel essencial no metabolismo de tripanossomatídeos. Constitui o objetivo desta tese o desenvolvimento, a padronização e a validação de ensaios enzimáticos para a realização de extensivas triagens bioquímicas de modo a contribuir para a identificação de novos inibidores da GAPDH pertencentes a diversas classes químicas. Os compostos estudados são provenientes de síntese orgânica e de complexos inorgânicos de Rutênio, bem como de origem natural. Paralelamente, a realização do ensaio virtual em larga escala a partir de uma base de dados dirigida e da estrutura da GAPDH de T. cruzi resultou na identificação de um inibidor inédito da proteína alvo. Estudos do mecanismo de ação enzimático levaram à elucidação da modalidade de alguns inibidores identificados nesse estudo.Parasitic diseases are a major global cause of illness, long-term disability, and death, with severe socio-economic consequences for millions of people worldwide. In Latin America, nearly one fourth of the population is infected by Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. The limited existing drug therapies suffer from a combination of drawbacks including poor efficacy, resistance and serious side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new drugs that can overcome resistance and are safe and effective for use in human. The crucial dependence on glycolysis as a source of energy makes the glycolytic parasite enzymes promising targets for drug design. In this context, the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was identified as an attractive target for drug design. The development of standard enzymatic assays combined with extensive biological screening was the aim of this work and it has been contributing for the identification of novel GAPDH inhibitors. These compounds belong to several chemical classes from different sources, including organic synthesis, inorganic complexes and natural products. In addition, a virtual screening approach was applied in a focused database, previously filtered by drug-like properties, in order to identify new hits. This strategy resulted in the discovery of a novel scaffold with significant inhibitory activity against T. cruzi GAPDH. Kinetic and inhibition assays were conducted to shed light on the mechanism of action of the promising inhibitors

The functional equation for the twisted spinor L-series of genus 2

Based on its essential role in the life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi, the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has been considered a promising target for the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of Chagas` disease. In the course of our research program to discover novel inhibitors of this trypanosomatid enzyme, we have explored a combination of structure and ligand-based virtual screening techniques as a complementary approach to a biochemical screening of natural products using a standard biochemical assay. Seven natural products, including anacardic acids,. avonoid derivatives, and one glucosylxanthone were identified as novel inhibitors of T. cruzi GAPDH. Promiscuous inhibition induced by nonspecific aggregation has been discarded as specific inhibition was not reversed or affected in all cases in the presence of Triton X-100, demonstrating the ability of the assay to find authentic inhibitors of the enzyme. The structural diversity of this series of promising natural products is of special interest in drug design, and should therefore be useful in future medicinal chemistry efforts aimed at the development of new GAPDH inhibitors having increased potency. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientico e Tecnologico)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)FAPESP (Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Anacardic acid derivatives as inhibitors of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma cruzi

Chagas` disease, a parasitic infection caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major public health problem affecting millions of individuals in Latin America. On the basis of the essential role in the life cycle of T. cruzi, the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has been considered an attractive target for the development of novel antitrypanosomatid agents. In the present work, we describe the inhibitory effects of a small library of natural and synthetic anacardic acid derivatives against the target enzyme. The most potent inhibitors, 6-n-pentadecyl-(1) and 6-n-dodecylsalicilic acids (10e), have IC(50) values of 28 and 55 mu M, respectively. The inhibition was not reversed or prevented by the addition of Triton X-100, indicating that aggregate-based inhibition did not occur. In addition, detailed mechanistic characterization of the effects of these compounds on the T. cruzi GAPDH-catalyzed reaction showed clear noncompetitive inhibition with respect to both substrate and cofactor. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.FAPESPFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)CAPESConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)CNP

The 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone could be explored to develop new inhibitors against the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leishmania species

The enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) from Leishmania species is considered as an attractive target to design new antileishmanial drugs and a previous in silico study reported on the importance of chalcones to achieve its inhibition. Here, we report the identification of a synthetic chalcone in our in vitro assays with promastigote cells from Leishmania amazonensis, its biological activity in animal models, and docking followed by molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the molecular interactions and structural patterns that are crucial to achieve the inhibition complex between this compound and G3PDH. A molecular fragment of this natural product derivative can provide new inhibitors with increased potency and selectivity.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP