A Unified Treatment of Horizontal Direct Investment, Vertical Direct Investment, and the Pattern of Trade in Goods and Services

This paper contributes to research endogenizing multinational firms in general-equilibrium trade models. We attempt to integrate separate contributions on horizontal multinationals which produce the same final product in multiple locations, with work on vertical multinationals, which geographically fragment production by stages. Previously derived results now emerge as special cases of a more general model. Vertical multinationals dominate when countries are very different in relative factor endowments. Horizontal multinationals dominate when the countries are similar in size and in relative endowments, and trade costs are moderate to high. In some cases, foreign investment or trade liberalization leads to a reversal in the direction of trade. Investment liberalization can also lead to an increase in the volume of trade and produces a strong tendency toward factor-price equalization. Thus direct investment can be a complement to trade in both a volume-of-trade sense and in a welfare sense.

From splashing to bouncing: the influence of viscosity on the impact of suspension droplets on a solid surface

We experimentally investigated the splashing of dense suspension droplets impacting a solid surface, extending prior work to the regime where the viscosity of the suspending liquid becomes a significant parameter. The overall behavior can be described by a combination of two trends. The first one is that the splashing becomes favored when the kinetic energy of individual particles at the surface of a droplet overcomes the confinement produced by surface tension. This is expressed by a particle-based Weber number $We_p$. The second is that splashing is suppressed by increasing the viscosity of the solvent. This is expressed by the Stokes number $St$, which influences the effective coefficient of restitution of colliding particles. We developed a phase diagram where the splashing onset is delineated as a function of both $We_p$ and $St$. A surprising result occurs at very small Stokes number, where not only splashing is suppressed but also plastic deformation of the droplet. This leads to a situation where droplets can bounce back after impact, an observation we are able to reproduce using discrete particle numerical simulations that take into account viscous interaction between particles and elastic energy

Energy-resolved Photoconductivity Mapping in a Monolayer-bilayer WSe2 Lateral Heterostructure

Vertical and lateral heterostructures of van der Waals materials provide tremendous flexibility for band structure engineering. Since electronic bands are sensitively affected by defects, strain, and interlayer coupling, the edge and heterojunction of these two-dimensional (2D) systems may exhibit novel physical properties, which can be fully revealed only by spatially resolved probes. Here, we report the spatial mapping of photoconductivity in a monolayer-bilayer WSe2 lateral heterostructure under multiple excitation lasers. As the photon energy increases, the light-induced conductivity detected by microwave impedance microscopy first appears along the hetero-interface and bilayer edge, then along the monolayer edge, inside the bilayer area, and finally in the interior of the monolayer region. The sequential emergence of mobile carriers in different sections of the sample is consistent with the theoretical calculation of local energy gaps. Quantitative analysis of the microscopy and transport data also reveals the linear dependence of photoconductivity on the laser intensity and the influence of interlayer coupling on carrier recombination. Combining theoretical modeling, atomic scale imaging, mesoscale impedance microscopy, and device-level characterization, our work suggests an exciting perspective to control the intrinsic band-gap variation in 2D heterostructures down to the few-nanometer regime.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures; Nano Lett., Just Accepted Manuscrip

Room Temperature Light-Mediated Long-Range Coupling of Excitons in Perovskites

Perovskites have been the focus of attention due to their multitude of outstanding optoelectronic properties and structural versatility. Two-dimensional halide perovskite such as (C_6H_5C_2H_4NH_3)_2PbI_4, or simply PEPI, forms natural multiple quantum wells with enhanced light-matter interactions, making them attractive systems for further investigation. This work reports tunable splitting of exciton modes in PEPI resulting from strong light-matter interactions, manifested as multiple dips (modes) in the reflection spectra. While the origin of the redder mode is well understood, that for the bluer dip at room temperature is still lacking. Here, it is revealed that the presence of the multiple modes originates from an indirect coupling between excitons in different quantum wells. The long-range characteristic of the mediated coupling between excitons in distant quantum wells is also demonstrated in a structure design along with its tunability. Moreover, a device architecture involving an end silver layer enhances the two excitonic modes and provides further tunability. Importantly, this work will motivate the possibility of coupling of the excitonic modes with a confined light mode in a microcavity to produce multiple exciton-polariton modes.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figure

Gene expression and pathway analysis of ovarian cancer cells selected for resistance to cisplatin, paclitaxel, or doxorubicin

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Resistance to current chemotherapeutic agents is a major cause of therapy failure in ovarian cancer patients, but the exact mechanisms leading to the development of drug resistance remain unclear.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To better understand mechanisms of drug resistance, and possibly identify novel targets for therapy, we generated a series of drug resistant ovarian cancer cell lines through repeated exposure to three chemotherapeutic drugs (cisplatin, doxorubicin, or paclitaxel), and identified changes in gene expression patterns using Illumina whole-genome expression microarrays. Validation of selected genes was performed by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Pathway enrichment analysis using the KEGG, GO, and Reactome databases was performed to identify pathways that may be important in each drug resistance phenotype.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 845 genes (p < 0.01) were found altered in at least one drug resistance phenotype when compared to the parental, drug sensitive cell line. Focusing on each resistance phenotype individually, we identified 460, 366, and 337 genes significantly altered in cells resistant to cisplatin, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel, respectively. Of the 845 genes found altered, only 62 genes were simultaneously altered in all three resistance phenotypes. Using pathway analysis, we found many pathways enriched for each resistance phenotype, but some dominant pathways emerged. The dominant pathways included signaling from the cell surface and cell movement for cisplatin resistance, proteasome regulation and steroid biosynthesis for doxorubicin resistance, and control of translation and oxidative stress for paclitaxel resistance.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Ovarian cancer cells develop drug resistance through different pathways depending on the drug used in the generation of chemoresistance. A better understanding of these mechanisms may lead to the development of novel strategies to circumvent the problem of drug resistance.</p

Waveguiding and nonlinear optical properties of three-dimensional waveguides in LiTaO<inf>3</inf> written by high-repetition rate ultrafast laser

We report the fabrication of waveguides in lithium tantalate using a 250 kHz high-repetition rate ultrafast laser at 771 nm and the characterization of the resulting laser induced structure with second harmonic microscopy. Waveguides operating at the 1.5 μm telecommunication wavelength were formed above and below the focal volume using pulse energies ranging from 100 to 1.6 J and translation speeds from 100 μms to 5 mms. The second harmonic microscopy reveals no degradation of the electro-optic coefficient in the guiding region above the focal volume. © 2008 American Institute of Physics

Tailoring Capture-Recapture Methods to Estimate Registry-Based Case Counts Based on Error-Prone Diagnostic Signals

Surveillance research is of great importance for effective and efficient epidemiological monitoring of case counts and disease prevalence. Taking specific motivation from ongoing efforts to identify recurrent cases based on the Georgia Cancer Registry, we extend recently proposed "anchor stream" sampling design and estimation methodology. Our approach offers a more efficient and defensible alternative to traditional capture-recapture (CRC) methods by leveraging a relatively small random sample of participants whose recurrence status is obtained through a principled application of medical records abstraction. This sample is combined with one or more existing signaling data streams, which may yield data based on arbitrarily non-representative subsets of the full registry population. The key extension developed here accounts for the common problem of false positive or negative diagnostic signals from the existing data stream(s). In particular, we show that the design only requires documentation of positive signals in these non-anchor surveillance streams, and permits valid estimation of the true case count based on an estimable positive predictive value (PPV) parameter. We borrow ideas from the multiple imputation paradigm to provide accompanying standard errors, and develop an adapted Bayesian credible interval approach that yields favorable frequentist coverage properties. We demonstrate the benefits of the proposed methods through simulation studies, and provide a data example targeting estimation of the breast cancer recurrence case count among Metro Atlanta area patients from the Georgia Cancer Registry-based Cancer Recurrence Information and Surveillance Program (CRISP) database