PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE LEAVES OF LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA FROM MALAYSIA

Objective: This study was conducted to identify the phytochemical constituents of Leucaena leucocephala leaf extracts using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Methods: Hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol leaves extract of L. leucocephala were analyzed using GC-MS, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract were matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library.Results: GC-MS analysis of L. leucocephala leaves revealed the presence of 30 compounds and the major chemical constituents were Squalene (41.02%), Phytol (33.80%), 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (30.86%) and 3,7,11-Tridecatrienenitrile, 4,8,12-trimethyl (25.64%). Some of these compounds have been reported to possess various biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antiparasitic, insecticide, nematicide, pesticide, anti coronary, antiarthritic, antiandrogenic, hypocholesterolemic, cancer preventive, anti-cancer, analgesic, anesthetic, allergenic and etc.Conclusion: The findings of this study indicating that L. leucocephala leaves possess various potent bioactive compounds and is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance

GC-MS ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN LEAF EXTRACTS OF NEOLAMARCKIA CADAMBA (RUBIACEAE) FROM MALAYSIA

Neolamarckia cadamba is one of the medicinal plants used in the treatment of various diseases traditionally. This study was conducted to identify the phytochemical constituents of N. cadamba leaf extracts using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Solvents with increasing polarities viz. hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol were used in this study. The solvent extracts were analyzed using GC-MS and the mass spectra of the compounds found in the respective extract were matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. A total of 26 compounds were identified and the major chemical constituents were n-hexadecanoic acid (44.88%), hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (17.96%) and octadecanoic acid ethyl ester (11.71%). Some of the identified compounds have been reported to possess various biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anesthetic, antiseptic, antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemic and etc. The results thus concluded that N. cadamba leaves possess various potent bioactive compounds and is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance

Comparison Of Mimosine Content And Nutritive Values Of Neolamarckia Cadamba And Leucaena Leucocephala With Medicago Sativa As Forage Quality Index

A study was conducted to determine the mimosine content and the nutritive values of Neolamarckia cadamba and Leucaena leucocephala in comparison to Medicago saliva (alfalfa hay) as forage quality index. A total of 22 N. cadamba and 35 L. leucocephala seedlings were analyzed to determine the mimosine content after 6 months of planting. It was noted that the mimosine content was highest in L. leucocephala (1.6%) and lowest in N. cadamba (0.03%) in comparison to M. sativa which has no mimosine content. Crude protein content was 23.48%, 20.90% and 14.83% for L. leucocephala, N. cadamba and M. sativa, respectively. The crude fiber was maximum in M. sativa (27.23%) and minimum in L. leucocephala (18.77%). Crude protein, crude fat, gross energy, protein to energy (P/E) ratio, organic matter and total ash in N. cadamba was higher compared to M. sativa. L. leucocephala was lower in nitrogen free extract, crude fiber and total ash compared to N. cadamba. Results from this study clearly indicate that N. cadamba has high forage quality and comparable to the traditional L. leucocephala and M. sativa as forage for ruminant and non-ruminants

Fatty Acid Profile and Antioxidant Capacity of Dabai (Canarium odontophyllum L.): Effect of Origin and Fruit Component

In the present work, the influence of geographical location on the fatty acid profiles, antioxidant potential, as well as cytotoxicity of edible dabai fruit fractions (kernel, skin, and pulp) were analyzed. The fatty acid profiles were determined by Gas Chromatography (GC), and the antioxidant activity was quantified with free 2,2-diphenyl-1-picr/ylhdrazyl, while the cytotoxicity was assessed by the brine shrimp lethality test. The results showed that the samples from Sibu, Serian, and Kapit geographical locations had a high content of the saturated fatty acids, ranging from 46.63% to 53.31% in the three fractions. The highest mono-saturated fatty acids (MUFA) content was found in Sibu. Serian and Kapit kernel fractions MUFA, however, ranged from 21.2% to 45.91%. No fatty acid composition was detected in Bentong and Kanowit. The fatty acid composition and DPPH free radical scavenging antioxidant activity of dabai were statistically independent using a multivariate analysis in different localities in Malaysia. The skin fraction had a more appreciable antioxidant potential and toxicity level than the pulp and kernel fractions. The highest antioxidant activity (EC50 198.76 � 1.06 �g/mL) with an LC50 value of 1387.22 �g/mL was obtained from the Sibu skin fraction. Therefore, the fatty acid composition, antioxidant, as well as cytotoxicity analyses of the extracts from different localities indicated that “geographical location” remarkably influenced fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity, and toxicity

Phytochemical and mutagenesis studies of neolamarckia cadamba and leucaena leucocephala

(This study was conducted to determine the effects of soaking duration in 100°C water and ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) on seed germination, the nutritive value and mimosine content, and the genetic variation of the EMS-induced Neolamarckia cadamba and Leucaena leucocephala seedlings by using ISSR markers. The phytochemical constituents ofN. cadamba leaf extracts were aJ 0 investigaied. The effects of soaking duration in 100°C water on seed gennination were determined for N. cadamba and L. leucocephala by using the following treatments: (I) untreated (control); (2) soaking in 100°C water for 20 seconds followed 48 hours, respectively at room temperature; Results showed that soaking in 100°C water for 20 econds and subsequently in water at room temperature for 48 hours had the highest seed germination rate, higher cumulative gennination (CGP) and shortened the period of complete donnancy (CDP) over soaking duration of 24 hours or untreated seeds before planting. For EMSinduced mutation study, 120 seeds for each treatment of N. cadamba and L. leucocephala and three different concentrations (0.1, 0.3 and 0.6%) of EMS were used to treat the N. cadamba and L. leucocephala seeds in detennining the seed gennination percentage, lethality, seedling height, survival percentage, mimosine content, nutritive value and genetic variation of the mutagenized N. cadamba and L. leucocephala seedlings after 7 months of planting. The results showed that the germination percentage, survivability and seedling height were decreased; whereas lethality increased with increasing mutagenic doses. The mimosine content, crude protein and crude fiber decreased with increasing mutagenic doses for L. leucocephala. However, the mimosine content was not significantly affected by the concentration of EMS for N. cadamba. The mimosine content was highest in the control of L. leucocephala (1.6%) and lowest in N. cadamba (0.03%). Crude protein content was 23.48% and 20.90% for L. leucaena and N. cadamba, respectively. L. leucocephala was lower in nitrogen free extract, crude fiber and ash compared to N. cadamba. Results from this study indicate that N. cadamba has high forage quality and comparable to the traditional L. leLicocephala as forage for ruminants. Mimosine content was reduced from 1.6% to 0.2% or 87.46% reductions and therefore new L. leucocephala clone with reduced mimosine content and high crude protein (18.69%) was successfully produced. To identify the phytochemical constituents of N. cadamba leaf extracts using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Solvents with increasing polarities viz. hexane, petroleum ether, chlorofonn, ethyl acetate and methanol were used in this study. The solvent extracts were analyzed using GC-MS and the mass spectra of the compounds found in the respective extract were matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. A total of 26 compounds were identified and the major chemical constituents were n-hexadecanoic acid '(44.88%), hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (1 7.96%) and octadecanoic acid ethyl ester (11.71%). Some of the identified compounds have been reported to possess various biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anesthetic, antiseptic, antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemic and etc. The results thus concluded that N. cadamba leaves possess various potent bioactive compounds and is recommended as a plant of phytophannaceutical importance. For the determination of genetic variation among the N. cadamba and L. leucocephala seedlings, 0.6% EMS treated samples exhibited the highest level of variability in comparison to 0.1 % EMS treated samples as revealed by using ISSR markers. This indicates that 0.6% EMS treatment is much more beneficial as compared to other EMS treatments. Further, EMS has been successfully used to produce a range of novel traits and broaden the genetic diversity of N. cadamba and L. leucocephala as observed in the present study

Gc-Ms Analysis Of Phytochemical Constituents In Leaf Extracts Of Neolamarckia Cadamba (Rubiaceae) From Malaysia

Neolamarckia cadamba is one of the medicinal plants used in the treatment of various diseases traditionally. This study was conducted to identify the phytochemical constituents of N. cadamba leaf extracts using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Solvents with increasing polarities viz. hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol were used in this study. The solvent extracts were analyzed using GC-MS and the mass spectra of the compounds found in the respective extract were matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. A total of 26 compounds were identified and the major chemical constituents were n-hexadecanoic acid (44.88%), hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (17.96%) and octadecanoic acid ethyl ester (11.71%). Some of the identified compounds have been reported to possess various biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anesthetic, antiseptic, antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemic and etc. The results thus concluded that N. cadamba leaves possess various potent bioactive compounds and is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance

EMS-induced mutagenesis and DNA polymorphism assessment through ISSR markers in Neolamarckia cadamba (kelampayan) and Leucaena leucocephala (petai belalang)

This study was conducted to determine the effects of ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) treatments on seed germination and the genetic diversity of EMS-induced Neolamarckia cadamba and Leucaena leucocephala seedlings using ISSR markers.The effects of soaking duration in 100oC water on seed germination were also determined forN. cadambaand L. leucocephala by using the following treatments: (1) untreated (control); (2) soaking in 100oC water for 20seconds followed by soaking in water for 24 hours and 48 hours, respectively at room temperature.Results showed that soaking in 100oC water for 20 seconds and subsequently in water at room temperature for 48 hours had the highest seed germination rate, higher cumulative germination (CGP) and shortened the period of complete dormancy (CDP) over soaking duration of 24 hours or untreated seeds before planting. A total of 120 seeds for each treatment and three different EMS doses (0.1%, 0.3% and 0.6%) were used in the EMS-induced mutagenesis studiesof N. cadamba and L. leucocephala. The results showed that the germination percentage, survivability and seedling height were decreased, whereas lethality increased with the increasing of EMS doses. Among the N. cadamba and L. leucocephala seedlings investigated, 0.6% EMS treated samples exhibited the highest level of variability in comparison to 0.1% EMS treated samplesas revealed by using ISSR markers. This indicates that 0.6% EMS treatment is much more beneficial as compared to other EMS treatments. Further, EMS has been successfully used to produce a range of novel traits and broaden thegenetic diversityof N. cadamba and L. leucocephalaas observed in the present study

EMS-induced mutagenesis and DNA polymorphism assessment through ISSR markers in Neolamarckia cadamba (kelampayan)and Leucaena leucocephala (petai belalang)

This study was conducted to determine the effects of ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) treatments on seed germination and the genetic diversity of EMS-induced Neolamarckia cadamba and Leucaena leucocephala seedlings using ISSR markers.The effects of soaking duration in 100oC water on seed germination were also determined forN. cadambaand L. leucocephala by using the following treatments: (1) untreated (control); (2) soaking in 100oC water for 20seconds followed by soaking in water for 24 hours and 48 hours, respectively at room temperature.Results showed that soaking in 100oC water for 20 seconds and subsequently in water at room temperature for 48 hours had the highest seed germination rate, higher cumulative germination (CGP) and shortened the period of complete dormancy (CDP) over soaking duration of 24 hours or untreated seeds before planting. A total of 120 seeds for each treatment and three different EMS doses (0.1%, 0.3% and 0.6%) were used in the EMS-induced mutagenesis studiesof N. cadamba and L. leucocephala. The results showed that the germination percentage, survivability and seedling height were decreased, whereas lethality increased with the increasing of EMS doses. Among the N. cadamba and L. leucocephala seedlings investigated, 0.6% EMS treated samples exhibited the highest level of variability in comparison to 0.1% EMS treated samplesas revealed by using ISSR markers. This indicates that 0.6% EMS treatment is much more beneficial as compared to other EMS treatments. Further, EMS has been successfully used to produce a range of novel traits and broaden thegenetic diversityof N. cadamba and L. leucocephalaas observed in the present study

The reduction of mimosine content in Leucaena leucocephala (petai belalang) leaves using ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS)

A study was conducted to reduce the mimosine content ofLeucaena leucocephalaleaves by using ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS). The seeds were treated with three different doses of EMS (i.e., 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.6%) aiming at reducingthe mimosine content and improving the nutritive value of L. leucocephala. The mimosine content, crude protein and crude fiber were decreased with the increasing of EMS doses. The effect of 0.6% EMS treatment was much more beneficial as compared to 0.1% EMS or 0.3% EMS in the reduction of the mimosine content in L. leucocephala leaves. Mimosine content was successfully reduced from 1.6% to 0.2% or a reduction of 87.5% obtained in 0.6% EMS treated samples.This result has led to the identification of a new L. leucocephala clone with reduced mimosine contentfrom the 0.6% EMS treated samples.Livestock feed should not contain more than 30% of L. leucocephala as the mimosine can cause hair loss and stomach problems in animals. This limitation can be overcome by using this newly identifiedL. leucocephala clone. The livestock feed now can contain more than 30% of L. leucocephala leaves and still have all the Leucaena benefits. However, treatment with 0.6% EMS decreased the nutritive values of L.leucocephalaleaves, but the crude protein of 0.6% EMS treated samples (18.69%) was still higher than Medicago sativa (alfalfa)with 14.83% crude protein. With this clone, it assists the foresters or farmers to reduce the livestock feed price significantly in future