Competitive wholesale market of the electric power and power: state and new calls

In article features of functioning of the main segments of the wholesale market of the electric power and power (OREM) are considered. The factors exerting impact on competitiveness of the generation companies come to light. Results of functioning of OREM, since the moment of his full liberalization are analyzed, merits and demerits of the operating market mechanisms reveal

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A DONOR CORNEA UV CROSS-LINKING ENZYMATIC STABILITY

Purpose. To study the stability of a crosslinking modified donor cornea to collagenase preserved in the Borzenok-Moroz solution.Material and methods. Donor cornea (n=24) divided into 4 groups were the target of the research. All cornea were preserved in the Borzenok-Moroz solution for 24 hours according to standard procedure (2) before the experiment start. The first group contained only the donor cornea preserved in the BorzenokMoroz solution (n=6). The second group included preserved donor corneas with the added riboflavin treated according to the crosslinking method (n=6). The third group was formed by preserved donor corneas treated with collagenasa: result was evaluated in dynamics 24 hours (n=3) as well as 72 hours (n=3) later. The forth group consisted of preserved donor corneas with the added riboflavin after cross-linking and treated with collagenasa: result was evaluated in dynamics 24 hours (n=3) as well as 72 hours (n=3) later. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried outResults. The first group of corneas was used for reference, and according to the SEM results the corneal stroma was presented by plates of collagen protein fibers strictly oriented. In the second corneal stroma group a thickening of collagen fibrils was observed as well as a reduction of distance between the collagen plates and a more compact stacking of plates under influence of riboflavin and ultraviolet compared to the reference group. In the third group of corneas, upon collagenase impact a destruction of collagen fibrils, a breaking of the longitudinal collagen plates orientation, a disorder of protein structure were also noted after 24 hours, the remaining coagulated protein fractions were visualized. Corneal collagen fibrils in the fourth group treated with riboflavin, ultraviolet and collagenase after 24 hours retained their structure and orientation and a more compact stacking of collagen plates was noticed compared to the third group corneas. Dynamic evaluation of collagenase impact on the third and fourth groups after 72 hours showed that in the group 4 the impact of collagenase on the cornea was minimal, the structure and orientation of the collagen layers were preserved.Conclusions. Cross-linking procedure has a stabilizing physical-chemical effect on corneal collagen fibrils, enhances biochemical resistance to proteolytic tear enzymes and inflammatory cells what can be effective in treatment of corneal diseases

Muller Muscle of the Upper Eyelid: Histopathological Features of Congenital and Acquired Ptosis

Purpose: to study the histological features of the Muller muscle of the upper eyelid in patients with congenital and acquired ptosis to understand the mechanism of ptosis. Material and methods. Retrospective analysis of 27 intraoperatively obtained biopsies of the Muller muscle of the upper eyelid. For the study, the biopsies were fixed in a formalin and prepared by paraffinization. After  staining with hematoxylin and eosin and Van Gieson, the preparations were studied in a light microscope. Results. In congenital ptosis of the upper eyelid histologically revealed atrophy of smooth muscle tissue, which manifested itself in a decrease in the number of muscle fibers on the background of fibrous transformation. In micro specimens of patients with acquired ptosis discovered fat cells located among the bundles of smooth muscle fibers, the dispersion of the myocytes. Fat infiltration of muscle ranged from 29 to 51.6 %.Conclusion The presence of dystrophic changes in Muller muscle in congenital and acquired ptosis was proved by histological method. The revealed features explain the pathogenetic mechanisms of the formation of congenital and acquired ptosis. In the case of acquired ptosis, fat dystrophy is an independent etiological factor, and therefore requires non-standard tactics of surgical treatment in order to neutralize the risk of recurrence in the early and late postoperative periods

The Potential of Antiseizure Drugs and Agents that Act on Novel Molecular Targets as Antiepileptogenic Treatments

A major goal of contemporary epilepsy research is the identification of therapies to prevent the development of recurrent seizures in individuals at risk, including those with brain injuries, infections, or neoplasms; status epilepticus; cortical dysplasias; or genetic epilepsy susceptibility. In this review we consider the evidence largely from preclinical models for the antiepileptogenic activity of a diverse range of potential therapies, including some marketed antiseizure drugs, as well as agents that act by immune and inflammatory mechanisms; reduction of oxidative stress; activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ pathways; effects on factors related to thrombolysis, hematopoesis, and angiogenesis; inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reducatase; brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling; and blockade of α2 adrenergic and cannabinoid receptors. Antiepileptogenesis refers to a therapy of which the beneficial action is to reduce seizure frequency or severity outlasting the treatment period. To date, clinical trials have failed to demonstrate that antiseizure drugs have such disease-modifying activity. However, studies in animal models with levetiracetam and ethosuximide are encouraging, and clinical trials with these agents are warranted. Other promising strategies are inhibition of interleukin 1β signaling by drugs such as VX-765; modulation of sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling by drugs such as fingolimod; activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin by drugs such as rapamycin; the hormone erythropoietin; and, paradoxically, drugs such as the α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist atipamezole and the CB1 cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A (rimonabant) with proexcitatory activity. These approaches could lead to a new paradigm in epilepsy drug therapy where treatment for a limited period prevents the occurrence of spontaneous seizures, thus avoiding lifelong commitment to symptomatic treatment. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13311-014-0266-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users