Magnetic Relaxation Probing of the State of Diheptyl Dithiophosphate Ions in Water and Aqueous Triton X-100 Solutions

The nuclear magnetic relaxation was used to study the state of diheptyl dithiophosphoric acid (D7DTP, L7) anions in water and aqueous solutions of the nonionic surfactant, Ttiton X-100, at 298 K in the presence of paramagnetic probes, Mn2+ ions. It was found that increase in the spin-lattice relaxation rate of water protons is caused by formation of simple and mixed (with surfactant) aggregates of D7DTP. Unlike the Mn2+-sodium dodecyl sulfate -Triton X-100 system, studied previously an influence of a probe concentration was found at surfactant concentration close to the CMC. It was suggested that two types of mixed species containing diheptyl dithiophosphate ions, Mn(II), and nonionic surfactant can be formed: micellar aggregates, {Mn(L7)2(TX)}, and polynuclear associates, [Mnx(L7)y(tx)z]. The associates likely contain surfactant in the form of monomers (tx)

Notes on wormhole existence in scalar-tensor and F(R) gravity

Some recent papers have claimed the existence of static, spherically symmetric wormhole solutions to gravitational field equations in the absence of ghost (or phantom) degrees of freedom. We show that in some such cases the solutions in question are actually not of wormhole nature while in cases where a wormhole is obtained, the effective gravitational constant G_eff is negative in some region of space, i.e., the graviton becomes a ghost. In particular, it is confirmed that there are no vacuum wormhole solutions of the Brans-Dicke theory with zero potential and the coupling constant \omega > -3/2, except for the case \omega = 0; in the latter case, G_eff < 0 in the region beyond the throat. The same is true for wormhole solutions of F(R) gravity: special wormhole solutions are only possible if F(R) contains an extremum at which G_eff changes its sign.Comment: 7 two-column pages, no figures, to appear in Grav. Cosmol. A misprint corrected, references update

STOP-BANG: инструмент для целенаправленной респираторной терапии у бариатрических пациентов

Identification of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and high respiratory risk, optimization of the screening algorithm for these patients and administration of preventive non-invasive lung ventilation, makes it possible to prevent the development of perioperative complications, reduce duration of hospital stay and reduce mortality in patients undergoing surgery and bariatric surgery specifically.The objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of STOP-BANG questionnaire for preventive targeted respiratory therapy to reduce the risk of complications in bariatric patients. Subjects and Methods. We examined 60 patients with BMI above 30 kg/m2 referred to elective secondary surgery, the age made 44.2 ± 10.1 years, 23 men and 37 women. Before the operation, patients underwent STOP-BANG questionnaire survey, night respiratory monitoring with the calculation of the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) and/or saturation during sleep. The standard preoperative examination included clinical and biochemical analyzes.Results. Based on results of STOP-BANG survey, a correlation was revealed between the score and AHI as well as the score and average saturation. The higher score the patients had according to the STOP-BANG questionnaire, the higher AHI was (r = 0.4748, p = 0.002), and the lower mean SpO2 was (r = -0.6958, p &lt; 0.001). Using the ROC analysis, we chose the optimal threshold value - 4 points according to STOP-BANG questionnaire, where the sensitivity of the method was 93% for the AHI, the specificity was 56%, and for the average saturation it was 100% and 63%, respectively. Of the total number of bariatric patients included in the study, 30% required preventive ventilation. In the high respiratory risk group, no significant intraoperative incidents and deaths were reported by the surgical and anesthetic teams. All patients were discharged on time (5‒7 days). Based on the results, a screening procedure has been offered for bariatric patients with high respiratory risk associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.Conclusion. The STOP-BANG questionnaire is a reliable screening tool for high respiratory risk in morbid obese patients. Early diagnosis of high respiratory risk and implementation of preventive ventilation reduces the incidence of perioperative respiratory and cardiovascular complications.Выявление пациентов с синдромом обструктивного апноэ сна (СОАС) и высоким респираторным риском дает возможности для своевременного предупреждения периоперационных осложнений. Одним из важных мероприятий представляется назначение превентивной неинвазивной вентиляции легких, которая может уменьшить сроки госпитализации и снизить уровень летальности у пациентов хирургического профиля, в частности у бариатрических пациентов. Цель: оценить эффективность применения опросника STOP-BANG при назначении превентивной целенаправленной респираторной терапии для снижения риска развития осложнений у бариатрических пациентов.Материал и методы. Обследовано 60 пациентов с индексом массы тела более 30 кг/м2, направленных на бариатрическую операцию в плановом порядке, средний возраст 44,2 ± 10,1 года, мужчин 23 и женщин 37. Пациенты перед операцией прошли анкетирование по опроснику STOP-BANG, полисомнографию с расчетом индекса апноэ/гипопноэ (ИАГ) и/или сатурации во время сна. Стандартное предоперационное обследование включало клинический и биохимический анализы.Результаты. На основании результатов опроса по методике STOP-BANG выявлена корреляционная взаимосвязь между количеством баллов и ИАГ, а также количеством баллов и средней сатурацией. Чем больше баллов было у пациентов по опроснику STOP-BANG, тем выше был ИАГ (r = 0,4748, p = 0,002) и тем ниже SpO2ср (r = -0,6958, p &lt; 0,001). С помощью ROC-анализа мы выбрали оптимальные пороговые значения – 4 балла по опроснику STOP-BANG, где для ИАГ чувствительность метода для диагностики тяжелого обструктивного апноэ сна составила 93%, специфичность – 56%, а для средней сатурации – 100 и 63% соответственно. Из общего числа включенных в исследование бариатрических пациентов 30% потребовали превентивной вентиляции. Значимых интраоперационных инцидентов, осложнений и летальных исходов у пациентов группы высокого респираторного риска не было. Все пациенты были выписаны в установленные сроки (на 5‒7-е сут). По итогам предложен алгоритм скрининга бариатрических пациентов с высоким респираторным риском, ассоциированным с СОАС.Заключение. Опросник STOP-BANG является надежным инструментом скрининга для выявления высокого респираторного риска у пациентов с морбидным ожирением. Ранняя диагностика высокого респираторного риска и выполнение превентивной неинвазивной вентиляции легких позволяют снизить частоту развития периоперационных респираторных и сердечно-сосудистых осложнений

Theories of schizophrenia: a genetic-inflammatory-vascular synthesis

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia, a relatively common psychiatric syndrome, affects virtually all brain functions yet has eluded explanation for more than 100 years. Whether by developmental and/or degenerative processes, abnormalities of neurons and their synaptic connections have been the recent focus of attention. However, our inability to fathom the pathophysiology of schizophrenia forces us to challenge our theoretical models and beliefs. A search for a more satisfying model to explain aspects of schizophrenia uncovers clues pointing to genetically mediated CNS microvascular inflammatory disease. DISCUSSION: A vascular component to a theory of schizophrenia posits that the physiologic abnormalities leading to illness involve disruption of the exquisitely precise regulation of the delivery of energy and oxygen required for normal brain function. The theory further proposes that abnormalities of CNS metabolism arise because genetically modulated inflammatory reactions damage the microvascular system of the brain in reaction to environmental agents, including infections, hypoxia, and physical trauma. Damage may accumulate with repeated exposure to triggering agents resulting in exacerbation and deterioration, or healing with their removal. There are clear examples of genetic polymorphisms in inflammatory regulators leading to exaggerated inflammatory responses. There is also ample evidence that inflammatory vascular disease of the brain can lead to psychosis, often waxing and waning, and exhibiting a fluctuating course, as seen in schizophrenia. Disturbances of CNS blood flow have repeatedly been observed in people with schizophrenia using old and new technologies. To account for the myriad of behavioral and other curious findings in schizophrenia such as minor physical anomalies, or reported decreased rates of rheumatoid arthritis and highly visible nail fold capillaries, we would have to evoke a process that is systemic such as the vascular and immune/inflammatory systems. SUMMARY: A vascular-inflammatory theory of schizophrenia brings together environmental and genetic factors in a way that can explain the diversity of symptoms and outcomes observed. If these ideas are confirmed, they would lead in new directions for treatments or preventions by avoiding inducers of inflammation or by way of inflammatory modulating agents, thus preventing exaggerated inflammation and consequent triggering of a psychotic episode in genetically predisposed persons

Magnetic Relaxation Probing of the State of Diheptyl Dithiophosphate Ions in Water and Aqueous Triton X-100 Solutions

The nuclear magnetic relaxation was used to study the state of diheptyl dithiophosphoric acid (D7DTP, L7) anions in water and aqueous solutions of the nonionic surfactant, Ttiton X-100, at 298 K in the presence of paramagnetic probes, Mn2+ ions. It was found that increase in the spin-lattice relaxation rate of water protons is caused by formation of simple and mixed (with surfactant) aggregates of D7DTP. Unlike the Mn2+-sodium dodecyl sulfate -Triton X-100 system, studied previously an influence of a probe concentration was found at surfactant concentration close to the CMC. It was suggested that two types of mixed species containing diheptyl dithiophosphate ions, Mn(II), and nonionic surfactant can be formed: micellar aggregates, {Mn(L7)2(TX)}, and polynuclear associates, [Mnx(L7)y(tx)z]. The associates likely contain surfactant in the form of monomers (tx)

Magnetic Relaxation Probing of the State of Diheptyl Dithiophosphate Ions in Water and Aqueous Triton X-100 Solutions

The nuclear magnetic relaxation was used to study the state of diheptyl dithiophosphoric acid (D7DTP, L7) anions in water and aqueous solutions of the nonionic surfactant, Ttiton X-100, at 298 K in the presence of paramagnetic probes, Mn2+ ions. It was found that increase in the spin-lattice relaxation rate of water protons is caused by formation of simple and mixed (with surfactant) aggregates of D7DTP. Unlike the Mn2+-sodium dodecyl sulfate -Triton X-100 system, studied previously an influence of a probe concentration was found at surfactant concentration close to the CMC. It was suggested that two types of mixed species containing diheptyl dithiophosphate ions, Mn(II), and nonionic surfactant can be formed: micellar aggregates, {Mn(L7)2(TX)}, and polynuclear associates, [Mnx(L7)y(tx)z]. The associates likely contain surfactant in the form of monomers (tx)

Magnetic Relaxation Probing of the State of Diheptyl Dithiophosphate Ions in Water and Aqueous Triton X-100 Solutions

The nuclear magnetic relaxation was used to study the state of diheptyl dithiophosphoric acid (D7DTP, L7) anions in water and aqueous solutions of the nonionic surfactant, Ttiton X-100, at 298 K in the presence of paramagnetic probes, Mn2+ ions. It was found that increase in the spin-lattice relaxation rate of water protons is caused by formation of simple and mixed (with surfactant) aggregates of D7DTP. Unlike the Mn2+-sodium dodecyl sulfate -Triton X-100 system, studied previously an influence of a probe concentration was found at surfactant concentration close to the CMC. It was suggested that two types of mixed species containing diheptyl dithiophosphate ions, Mn(II), and nonionic surfactant can be formed: micellar aggregates, {Mn(L7)2(TX)}, and polynuclear associates, [Mnx(L7)y(tx)z]. The associates likely contain surfactant in the form of monomers (tx)

Оптимизация процесса получения биологически активного диацетата бетулина из исходной и активированной бересты березы

The effect of the conditions of the acetylation process of raw and activated birch bark on the yield and composition of the products is investigated. The structure of biologically active betulin diacetate (BDA) is confirmed with physicochemical methods. The optimal regimes of the one-step original method for the production of BDA from raw and activated birch bark are established using the experimental and computational techniques