Non-Standard Errors

In statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a data-generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidence-generating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation across researchers adds uncertainty: Non-standard errors (NSEs). We study NSEs by letting 164 teams test the same hypotheses on the same data. NSEs turn out to be sizable, but smaller for better reproducible or higher rated research. Adding peer-review stages reduces NSEs. We further find that this type of uncertainty is underestimated by participants

Non-standard errors

In statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a data-generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidence generating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation across researchers adds uncertainty: Non-standard errors (NSEs). We study NSEs by letting 164 teams test the same hypotheses on the same data. NSEs turn out to be sizable, but smaller for better reproducible or higher rated research. Adding peer-review stages reduces NSEs. We further find that this type of uncertainty is underestimated by participants

Mixed layer – structured ferroelectrics on the basis of \mbox{\sffamily\bfseries Bi}_{\hbox{\sffamily\bfseries\fontsize{12}{12}\selectfont 4}} \mbox{\sffamily\bfseries Ti}_{\hbox{\sffamily\bfseries\fontsize{12}{12}\selectfont 3}} \mbox{\sffamily\bfseries O}_{\hbox{\sffamily\bfseries\fontsize{12}{12}\selectfont 12}}

Bismuth titanate Bi4Ti3O12 was used as the base for synthesis of mixed Aurivillius phases. Ceramics materials with composition: Bi7Ti4NbO21 (BTN) and SrBi8Ti7O27 (SBT) were synthesized by synthesis of a mixture of appropriate, layered Aurivillus type structures Bi3TiNbO9 (m = 2), Bi4Ti3O12 (m = 3) and SrBi4Ti4O15 (m = 4). The crystal structure of BTN and SBT has been defined by X-ray diffraction data analysis. Analyses of the chemical composition confirmed the concentrations of individual elements in the solid solutions according to the stoichiometry. Thermal dependence of dielectric permittivity has been studied between room temperature and 900 ○C. Piezoelectric effect was observed at temperature near 500 ○C

INTERNAL FRICTION MEASUREMENTS APPLIED TO THE STUDY OF REVERSE MARTENSITE TRANSFORMATION IN A Cu - Zn - Al ALLOY

On a étudié l'influence des transformations martensitiques cycliques, réversibles sur les changements de frottement interne pour l'alliage Cu-(l4.5%en pds)Zn-(8.5%en pds)Al. On a observé l'abaissement des températures caractéristiques de la transformation après le deuxième cycle par rapport aux échantillons trempés des hautes températures. La cause essentielle du caractère différent de la marche de transformation martensitique inverse est la différence des concentrations des lacunes trempées.Investigations were made of the influence of cyclic reversible martensitic transformations on variations in internal friction for a Cu-(l4.5%wt.) Zn-(8.5%wt.) Al alloy. A drop in characteristic transformation temperatures was found after the second cycle relative to those for samples quenched from high temperatures. The fundamental reason that the reverse martensitic transformation for samples obtained after quenching is different from that obtained after successive cycles is the difference in concentration of quenched in vacancies

Mixed layer – structured ferroelectrics on the basis of Bi

Bismuth titanate Bi4Ti3O12 was used as the base for synthesis of mixed Aurivillius phases. Ceramics materials with composition: Bi7Ti4NbO21 (BTN) and SrBi8Ti7O27 (SBT) were synthesized by synthesis of a mixture of appropriate, layered Aurivillus type structures Bi3TiNbO9 (m = 2), Bi4Ti3O12 (m = 3) and SrBi4Ti4O15 (m = 4). The crystal structure of BTN and SBT has been defined by X-ray diffraction data analysis. Analyses of the chemical composition confirmed the concentrations of individual elements in the solid solutions according to the stoichiometry. Thermal dependence of dielectric permittivity has been studied between room temperature and 900 ○C. Piezoelectric effect was observed at temperature near 500 ○C