Aircraft Cockpit Ergonomic Layout Evaluation Based on Uncertain Linguistic Multiattribute Decision Making

In the view of the current cockpit information interaction, facilities and other characteristics are increasingly multifarious; the early layout evaluation methods based on single or partial components, often cause comprehensive evaluation unilateral, leading to the problems of long development period and low efficiency. Considering the fuzziness of ergonomic evaluation and diversity of evaluation information attributes, we refine and build an evaluation system based on the characteristics of the current cockpit man-machine layout and introduce the different types of uncertain linguistic multiple attribute combination decision making (DTULDM) method in the cockpit layout evaluation process. Meanwhile, we also establish an aircraft cockpit ergonomic layout evaluation model. Finally, an experiment about cockpit layout evaluation is given, and the result demonstrates that the proposed method about cockpit ergonomic layout evaluation is feasible and effective

Ropivacaine attenuates endotoxin plus hyperinflation-mediated acute lung injury via inhibition of early-onset Src-dependent signaling

BACKGROUND: Acute lung injury (ALI) is associated with high mortality due to the lack of effective therapeutic strategies. Mechanical ventilation itself can cause ventilator-induced lung injury. Pulmonary vascular barrier function, regulated in part by Src kinase-dependent phosphorylation of caveolin-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), plays a crucial role in the development of protein-/neutrophil-rich pulmonary edema, the hallmark of ALI. Amide-linked local anesthetics, such as ropivacaine, have anti-inflammatory properties in experimental ALI. We hypothesized ropivacaine may attenuate inflammation in a "double-hit" model of ALI triggered by bacterial endotoxin plus hyperinflation via inhibition of Src-dependent signaling. METHODS: C57BL/6 (WT) and ICAM-1 (-/-) mice were exposed to either nebulized normal saline (NS) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 mg) for 1 hour. An intravenous bolus of 0.33 mg/kg ropivacaine or vehicle was followed by mechanical ventilation with normal (7 ml/kg, NTV) or high tidal volume (28 ml/kg, HTV) for 2 hours. Measures of ALI (excess lung water (ELW), extravascular plasma equivalents, permeability index, myeloperoxidase activity) were assessed and lungs were homogenized for Western blot analysis of phosphorylated and total Src, ICAM-1 and caveolin-1. Additional experiments evaluated effects of ropivacaine on LPS-induced phosphorylation/expression of Src, ICAM-1 and caveolin-1 in human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC). RESULTS: WT mice treated with LPS alone showed a 49% increase in ELW compared to control animals (p = 0.001), which was attenuated by ropivacaine (p = 0.001). HTV ventilation alone increased measures of ALI even more than LPS, an effect which was not altered by ropivacaine. LPS plus hyperinflation ("double-hit") increased all ALI parameters (ELW, EVPE, permeability index, MPO activity) by 3-4 fold compared to control, which were again decreased by ropivacaine. Western blot analyses of lung homogenates as well as HLMVEC treated in culture with LPS alone showed a reduction in Src activation/expression, as well as ICAM-1 expression and caveolin-1 phosphorylation. In ICAM-1 (-/-) mice, neither addition of LPS to HTV ventilation alone nor ropivacaine had an effect on the development of ALI. CONCLUSIONS: Ropivacaine may be a promising therapeutic agent for treating the cause of pulmonary edema by blocking inflammatory Src signaling, ICAM-1 expression, leukocyte infiltration, and vascular hyperpermeability

EMS-induced cytomictic variability in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Seeds of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) were subjected to three treatment durations (3h, 5h and 7h) of 0.5 % Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS). Microsporogenesis was carried out in the control as well as in the treated materials. EMS treated plants showed interesting feature of partial inter-meiocyte chromatin migration through channel formation, beak formation or direct cell fusion. Another interesting feature noticed during the study was the fusion among tetrads due to wall dissolution. The phenomenon of cytomixis was recorded at nearly all the stages of microsporogenesis connecting from a few to several meiocytes. Other abnormalities such as laggards, precocious movement, bridge and non disjunction of chromosomes were also recorded but in very low frequencies. The phenomenon of cytomixis increased along with the increase in treatment duration of EMS. Cells with these types of cytomictic disturbances may probably result in uneven formation of gametes or zygote, heterogenous sized pollen grains or even loss of fertility in future.Семена сафлора (Carthamus tinctorius L.) обрабатывали 0.5%-ным этилметансульфонатом (ЭМС) в одном из трех режимов – 3, 5 и 7 ч. Микроспорогенез изучали как в контроле, так и в обработанном материале. Растения, обработанные ЭМС, проявляли интересную особенность частичной интермейоцитной миграции хроматина при формировании каналов, образовании клювообразного выступа или прямом слиянии клеток. Другим обнаруженным в исследовании явлением было слияние тетрад из-за растворения стенки. Феномен цитомиксиса отмечался почти на всех стадиях микроспорогенеза и затрагивал от нескольких до многих мейоцитов. Другие аномалии, такие как отставания, преждевременные движения, мосты и неразделения хромосом, отмечались с незначительной частотой. Феномен цитомиксиса возрастал с увеличением длительности обработки ЭМС. Клетки с этими типами цитомиктических нарушений могут, вероятно, приводить к нерегулярному формированию гамет или зигот, гетерогенных по размеру пыльцевых зерен, или даже к потере фертильности в будущем.Насіння сафлору (Carthamus tinctorius L.) обробляли 0.5%-ним етилметансульфонатом (ЕМС) в одному з трьох режимів – 3, 5 і 7 год. Мікроспорогенез вивчали як у контролі, так і в обробленому матеріалі. Рослини, оброблені ЕМС, виявляли цікаву особливість часткової інтермейоцитної міграції хроматину при формуванні каналів, утворенні дзюбоподібного чи прямому злитті клітин. Іншим виявленим в дослідженні явищем було злиття тетрад через розчинення стінки. Феномен цито- міксису відзначався майже на всіх стадіях мікро-спорогенезу і зачіпав від кількох до багатьох мейоцитів. Інші аномалії, такі як відставання, передчасні рухи, мости і нерозділення хромосом, зустрічались з незнач- ною частотою. Феномен цитоміксису зростав із збільшенням тривалості обробки ЕМС. Клітини з цими типами цитоміктичних порушень можуть, ймовірно, приводити до нерегулярного формування гамет або зигот, гетерогенних за розміром пилкових зерен, або навіть до втрати фертильності в майбутньому