72 research outputs found
Gravitational coupling to two-particle bound states and momentum conservation in deep inelastic scattering
The momentum conservation sum rule for deep inelastic scattering (DIS) from
composite particles is investigated using the general theory of relativity. For
two 1+1 dimensional examples, it shown that covariant theories automatically
satisy the DIS momentum conservation sum rule provided the bound state is
covariantilly normalized. Therefore, in these cases the two DIS sum rules for
baryon conservation and momentum conservation are equivalent
Regge Behavior of DIS Structure Functions
Building on previous works of the mid 1960's, we construct an integral
equation for forward elastic scattering (t=0) at arbitrary virtuality Q^2 and
large s=W^2. This equation sums the ladder production of massless intermediate
bosons to all orders, and the solution exhibits Regge behavior. The equation is
used to study scattering in a simple chi^2 phi scalar theory, where it is
solved appoximately and applied to the study of DIS at small x. We find that
the model can naturally describe the quark distribution in both the large x
region and the small x region dominated by Reggeon exchange.Comment: 13 pages with 5 figure
Quark Schwinger-Dyson equation in temporal Euclidean space
We present an elementary nonperturbative method to obtain Green's functions
(GFs) for timelike momenta. We assume there are no singularities in the first
and third quadrants of the complex plane of space momentum components and
perform a 3d analogue of Wick rotation. This procedure defines Greens functions
in a timelike Euclidean space. As an example we consider the quark propagator
in QCD. While for weak coupling, this method is obviously equivalent to
perturbation theory, for a realistic QCD coupling a complex part of the quark
mass and renormalization wave function has been spontaneously generated even
below the standard perturbative threshold. Therefore, our method favors a
confinement mechanism based on the lack of real poles.Comment: 11 pages, grammar and typos correcte
Morphological and Behavioral Changes in the Pathogenesis of a Novel Mouse Model of Communicating Hydrocephalus
The Ro1 model of hydrocephalus represents an excellent model for studying the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus due to its complete penetrance and inducibility, enabling the investigation of the earliest cellular and histological changes in hydrocephalus prior to overt pathology. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy were used to characterize the histopathological events of hydrocephalus in this model. Additionally, a broad battery of behavioral tests was used to investigate behavioral changes in the Ro1 model of hydrocephalus. The earliest histological changes observed in this model were ventriculomegaly and disorganization of the ependymal lining of the aqueduct of Sylvius, which occurred concomitantly. Ventriculomegaly led to thinning of the ependyma, which was associated with periventricular edema and areas of the ventricular wall void of cilia and microvilli. Ependymal denudation was subsequent to severe ventriculomegaly, suggesting that it is an effect, rather than a cause, of hydrocephalus in the Ro1 model. Additionally, there was no closure of the aqueduct of Sylvius or any blockages within the ventricular system, even with severe ventriculomegaly, suggesting that the Ro1 model represents a model of communicating hydrocephalus. Interestingly, even with severe ventriculomegaly, there were no behavioral changes, suggesting that the brain is able to compensate for the structural changes that occur in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus if the disorder progresses at a sufficiently slow rate
Countries with Higher Levels of Gender Equality Show Larger National Sex Differences in Mathematics Anxiety and Relatively Lower Parental Mathematics Valuation for Girls.
Despite international advancements in gender equality across a variety of societal domains, the underrepresentation of girls and women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) related fields persists. In this study, we explored the possibility that the sex difference in mathematics anxiety contributes to this disparity. More specifically, we tested a number of predictions from the prominent gender stratification model, which is the leading psychological theory of cross-national patterns of sex differences in mathematics anxiety and performance. To this end, we analyzed data from 761,655 15-year old students across 68 nations who participated in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Most importantly and contra predictions, we showed that economically developed and more gender equal countries have a lower overall level of mathematics anxiety, and yet a larger national sex difference in mathematics anxiety relative to less developed countries. Further, although relatively more mothers work in STEM fields in more developed countries, these parents valued, on average, mathematical competence more in their sons than their daughters. The proportion of mothers working in STEM was unrelated to sex differences in mathematics anxiety or performance. We propose that the gender stratification model fails to account for these national patterns and that an alternative model is needed. In the discussion, we suggest how an interaction between socio-cultural values and sex-specific psychological traits can better explain these patterns. We also discuss implications for policies aiming to increase girls' STEM participation
- …