Statistical analysis for the impact of smoking on the behavior and health of Qatari adolescents

The links between the use of tobacco and health risks are well known. Most of the younger smokers reside in Asia which includes Qatar, the focus country of this study. Cigarette smoking among children is rising at an alarming rate worldwide including Qatar. As youth make up a significant percentage of the population and to achieve the health objectives of the Qatar Vision 2030, it is essential to ensure the health and well-being of adolescents, as they are the future of Qatar. This study focuses on exploring the patterns of tobacco use and its impacts on the adolescents by conducting a survey in different schools across Qatar. The questionnaire was administered in five schools, selected by proportional random sampling. The responses were recorded from the sample for general questions regarding interest in physical activities, relationship with family and friends, mental satisfaction, health, academics and access to cigarettes. 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 2018.Scopu

Finite-element solution of monopolar corona on bundle conductors

A finite-element iterative-based method is developed to analyze the monopolar ionized field and, hence, compute the associated corona power loss on bundle conductors (bundles two, three, and four are considered). The effect of the number of bundles, and the bundle spacing on the corona current and ground-plane current density profiles is investigated. It has been found that, with the increase in the number of bundles, the corona current decreases. On the other hand, the corona current increases with the increase in the bundle spacing. A laboratory model was built to check the accuracy of the calculated corona current and the ground-plane current density profiles. It has been found that the present results agreed well with the present and previous experimental value

Finite element solution of monopolar corona on bundle conductors

A modified finite element iterative based method (FEM) is developed to analyze the monopolar ionized field and hence compute the associated corona power loss on bundle conductors (bundles two, three and four are considered). The effect of the number of bundles, and the bundle spacing on the corona current and ground plane current density profiles is investigated. It has been found that with the increase in the number of bundles, the corona current decreases. On the other hand, the corona current increases with the increase in the bundle spacing. A laboratory model was built to check the accuracy of the calculated corona current and the ground plane current density profiles. It has been found that the present results agreed well with the present and previous experimental value

Finite-element solution of monopolar corona on bundle conductors

A finite-element iterative-based method is developed to analyze the monopolar ionized field and, hence, compute the associated corona power loss on bundle conductors (bundles two, three, and four are considered). The effect of the number of bundles, and the bundle spacing on the corona current and ground-plane current density profiles is investigated. It has been found that, with the increase in the number of bundles, the corona current decreases. On the other hand, the corona current increases with the increase in the bundle spacing. A laboratory model was built to check the accuracy of the calculated corona current and the ground-plane current density profiles. It has been found that the present results agreed well with the present and previous experimental value

Finite element solution of monopolar corona on bundle conductors

A modified finite element iterative based method (FEM) is developed to analyze the monopolar ionized field and hence compute the associated corona power loss on bundle conductors (bundles two, three and four are considered). The effect of the number of bundles, and the bundle spacing on the corona current and ground plane current density profiles is investigated. It has been found that with the increase in the number of bundles, the corona current decreases. On the other hand, the corona current increases with the increase in the bundle spacing. A laboratory model was built to check the accuracy of the calculated corona current and the ground plane current density profiles. It has been found that the present results agreed well with the present and previous experimental value

Analysis of monopolar ionized field as influenced by ion diffusion

The authors present an analysis of the monopolar ionized field in conductor-to-plane configurations without resort to Deutsch's assumption. An iterative finite-element technique is used to solve Poisson's equation. Satisfying the current continuity condition and updating the space-charge density are based on the application of Kirchoff's current-balance law at each node of the finite-element grid, taking the ion diffusion into account. The proposed method of solution has been applied to laboratory and full-scale models of a monopolar transmission line. The calculated V-I characteristics and the current-density and electric field profiles at the ground plane agreed well with those measured experimentally in comparison with previous calculations. Fast convergence and simplicity in programming characterize the proposed metho

A finite-element analysis of bipolar ionized field

This paper describes a new iterative method for the analysis of the bipolar ionized field in HVDC transmission lines without resorting to Deutsch's assumption. The finite-element technique (FET) is used to solve Poisson's equation where the constancy of the conductors' surface field at the corona inception value is directly implemented in the finite-element formulation. The proposed method has been tested on laboratory and full-scale models. The calculated V-I characteristics agreed well with those calculated and measured previously. The dependence of the corona current as well as its monopolar and bipolar components on the conductor height is discussed. The simplicity in computer programming in addition to the low number of iterations required to achieve convergence characterize the proposed method of analysi

Analysis of monopolar ionized field as influenced by ion diffusion

The authors present an analysis of the monopolar ionized field in conductor-to-plane configurations without resort to Deutsch's assumption. An iterative finite-element technique is used to solve Poisson's equation. Satisfying the current continuity condition and updating the space-charge density are based on the application of Kirchoff's current-balance law at each node of the finite-element grid, taking the ion diffusion into account. The proposed method of solution has been applied to laboratory and full-scale models of a monopolar transmission line. The calculated V-I characteristics and the current-density and electric field profiles at the ground plane agreed well with those measured experimentally in comparison with previous calculations. Fast convergence and simplicity in programming characterize the proposed metho

A universal finite-element analysis of the bipolar ionized field

A novel iterative method for the analysis of the bipolar ionized field in HVDC (high-voltage direct-current) transmission lines without resort to Deutsch's assumption is described. The finite-element technique is used to solve Poisson's equation where the constancy of the conductor's surface field at the corona inception value is directly implemented in the finite-element formulation. The proposed method has been tested on laboratory and full-scale models. The calculated V -I characteristics agreed well with those calculated and measured before. The dependency of the corona current as well as its monopolar and bipolar components on the conductors' height is discussed. The simplicity in the computer programming in addition to the low number of iterations required to achieve convergence characterize the proposed method of analysi

Improved calculation of finite element analysis of bipolar coronaincluding ion diffusion

This paper presents an iterative method for the analysis of bipolar corona associated with the ionized field around high-voltage bipolar direct-current (HVDC) transmission line conductors. A new finite element technique (FET) is proposed to solve Poisson's equation where the constancy of the conductors' surface field at the corona onset value is directly implemented in the finite element formulation. Satisfying the current continuity condition and updating the space charge density are based on the application of Kirchoff's current balance law at each node of the finite element grid and takes the ion diffusion into account. In order to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed method, a laboratory model was built. It has been found that the calculated V-I characteristics and the ground plane current density profiles agreed well with those measured experimentally. The simplicity in writing the computer program in addition to the low number of iterations required to achieve convergence characterize the new method of analysi