756 research outputs found
Review Article: A trends of Salmonella and antibiotic resistance
Salmonellosis has become a major problem in developed and developing countries. It also represents an important public health concern worldwide. As such, due to intense interest Salmonella research has gained great concern from scientific communities as well as the general public. The purpose of this review is to discuss the historical perspective, classification and nomenclature, antibiotic and antimicrobial definition, mechanism of antibiotic resistance, integrons and antibiotic resistance Salmonella
Review Article: A trends of Salmonella and antibiotic resistance
Salmonellosis has become a major problem in developed and developing countries. It also represents an important public health concern worldwide. As such, due to intense interest Salmonella research has gained great concern from scientific communities as well as the general public. The purpose of this review is to discuss the historical perspective, classification and nomenclature, antibiotic and antimicrobial definition, mechanism of antibiotic resistance, integrons and antibiotic resistance Salmonella
The connection between Neuroblastoma Amplified Sequence Gene (NBAS) and the Short Stature-Optic-Atrophy-Pelger-Huet Anomaly Syndrome (SOPH) literature review
Background.
Clinical and natural heterogeneity is the main
characteristic of inherited multisystem conditions with
severe growth restriction. Nonetheless, the source of the
originof these diseases are not completely investigated.
Afore-mentioned afflictions are widespread among the
population of Yakuts, located in the Republic of Sakha,
which belongs to Russian Federation. Among the Yakuts,
these conditions remarked by acute postnatal development
hindrance, brachydactyly, optic atrophy (impairment of
visual acuteness and color reflection), Pelger-Huet
incongruity of WBCs and craniofacial dysmorphism but
with average level of intelligence (1). Other features
encompass chronic liver failure, underdeveloped
cheekbones, loose skin, skeletal deformities and diminished
tissue turgor (2).
Purpose of Study.
The overall objective of this research paper is to locate the
gene that causes SOPH disorder.
Methods
The study uses secondary data from scientific journals
published in authoritative databases, PubMed indexed in
this case. The journal articles provide scientific
investigations and information about the SOPH disease,
NBAS gene and other relevant themes. A population
sample of 129 individuals from five published research
journals was considered.
Results
All reviewed researches were coherent in connecting
SOPH syndrome with NBAS gene mutations
Determination of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Javanica and Leptospira interrogans serovar Bataviae as the persistent Leptospira serovars circulating in the urban rat populations in peninsular Malaysia
Background: Leptospirosis is an emerging infectious disease of global significance, and is endemic in tropical countries, including Malaysia. Over the last decade, a dramatic increase of human cases was reported; however, information on the primary vector, the rat, and the Leptospira serovars circulating among the rat population is limited. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to isolate Leptospira and characterise the serovars circulating in the urban rat populations from selected main cities in Peninsular Malaysia. Methods: Rat trappings were carried out between October 2011 to February 2014 in five urban cities which were chosen as study sites to represent different geographical locations in Peninsular Malaysia. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and PCR were carried out to identify the Leptospiral serogroup and determine the pathogenic status of the isolates, respectively while pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR were used to characterize the isolates. Results: Three rat species were identified from the three hundred and fifty seven rats captured with Rattus rattus, being the dominant rat species (285, 80 %) followed by Rattus norgevicus (53, 15 %) and Rattus exulans (19, 5 %). Only 39 samples (11.0 %) were positive by culture and further confirmed as pathogenic Leptospira by PCR. Significant associations were shown between host infection with locality, season, host-age and species. Based on MAT, two serogroups were identified in the population namely; L. borgpetersenii serogroup Javanica (n = 16) and L. interrogans serogroup Bataviae (n = 23). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) distinguished the two serovars in the urban rat populations: L. borgpetersenii serovar Javanica (41 %), and L. interrogans serovar Bataviae (59 %). RAPD-PCR yielded 14 distinct patterns and was found to be more discriminative than PFGE. Conclusions: This study confirms two Leptospira serovars circulating among the urban rats population in Peninsular Malaysia namely; L. borgpetersenii serovar Javanica and L. interrogans serovars Bataviae. Despite the low number of isolates obtained from the rat population, this study suggests that rodent control programs and disease surveillance may help to reduce the possible risk of disease transmission
The critical current density of advanced internal-Mg-diffusion-processed MgB2 wires
Recent advances in MgB2 conductors are leading to a new level of performance.
Based on the use of proper powders, proper chemistry, and an architecture which
incorporates internal Mg diffusion (IMD), a dense MgB2 structure with not only
a high critical current density Jc, but also a high engineering critical
current density, Je, can be obtained. In this paper, a series of these advanced
(or second - generation, "2G") conductors has been prepared. Scanning electron
microscopy and associated energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were applied to
characterize the microstructures and compositions of the wires, and a dense
MgB2 layer structure was observed. The best layer Jc for our sample is 1.07x105
A/cm2 at 10 T, 4.2 K, and our best Je is seen to be 1.67x104 A/cm2 at 10 T, 4.2
K. Optimization of the transport properties of these advanced wires is
discussed in terms of B-powder choice, area fraction, and the MgB2 layer growth
mechanism.Comment: 13 pages, 3 tables, 7 figures (or 8 pp in published version
Drawing induced texture and the evolution of superconductive properties with heat treatment time in powder-in-tube in-situ processed MgB2 strands
Monocore powder-in-tube MgB2 strands were cold-drawn and heat-treated at 600C
and 700C for times of up to 71 hours and structure-property relationships
examined. Drawing-induced elongation of the Mg particles led, after HT, to a
textured macrostructure consisting of elongated polycrystalline MgB2 fibers
separated by elongated pores. The superconducting Tc, Jc and Fp were correlated
with the macrostructure and grain size. Grain size increased with HT time at
both 600C and 700C. Jc and hence Fp decreased monotonically but not linearly
with grain size. Overall, it was observed that at 700C, the MgB2 reaction was
more or less complete after as little as 30 min; at 600C, full reaction
completion did not occur until 71 h. into the HT. Transport, Jct(B) was
measured in a perpendicular applied field, and the magnetic critical current
densities, Jcm\bot(B) and Jcm{\phi}(B), were measured in perpendicular and
parallel (axial) applied fields, respectively. Particularly noticeable was the
premature dropoff of Jcm\bot(B) at fields well below the irreversibility field
of Jct(B). This effect is attributed to the fibrous macrostructure and its
accompanying anisotropic connectivity. Magnetic measurements with the field
directed along the strand axis yielded a critical density, Jcm\bot(B), for
current flowing transversely to the strand axis that was less than and dropped
off more rapidly than Jct(B). In the conventional magnetic measurement, the
loop currents that support the magnetization are restricted by the lower of
Jct(B) and Jcm{\phi} (B). In the present case the latter, leading to the
premature dropoff of the measured Jcm(B) compared to Jct(B) with increasing
field. This result is supported by Kramer plots of the Jcm{\phi} (B) and Jct(B)
data which lead to an irreversibility field for transverse current that is very
much less than the usual transport-measured longitudinal one, Birr,t.Comment: 41 pages, 14 figure
Chromosomal 16p microdeletion in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome detected by oligonucleotide-based array comparative genomic hybridization: a case report
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Chromosomal aberrations of chromosome 16 are uncommon and submicroscopic deletions have rarely been reported. At present, a cytogenetic or molecular abnormality can only be detected in 55% of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome patients, leaving the diagnosis in 45% of patients to rest on clinical features only. Interestingly, this microdeletion of 16 p13.3 was found in a young child with an unexplained syndromic condition due to an indistinct etiological diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, no evidence of a microdeletion of 16 p13.3 with contiguous gene deletion, comprising cyclic adenosine monophosphate-response element-binding protein and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 genes, has been described in typical Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We present the case of a three-year-old Malaysian Chinese girl with a <it>de novo </it>microdeletion on the short arm of chromosome 16, identified by oligonucleotide array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Our patient showed mild to moderate global developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, bilateral broad thumbs and great toes, a moderate size atrial septal defect, hypotonia and feeding difficulties. A routine chromosome analysis on 20 metaphase cells showed a normal 46, XX karyotype. Further investigation by high resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization revealed a 120 kb microdeletion on chromosomal band 16 p13.3.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A mutation or abnormality in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-response element-binding protein has previously been determined as a cause of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. However, microdeletion of 16 p13.3 comprising cyclic adenosine monophosphate-response element-binding protein and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 genes is a rare scenario in the pathogenesis of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. Additionally, due to insufficient coverage of the human genome by conventional techniques, clinically significant genomic imbalances may be undetected in unexplained syndromic conditions of young children. This case report demonstrates the ability of array-based comparative genomic hybridization to offer a genome-wide analysis at high resolution and provide information directly linked to the physical and genetic maps of the human genome. This will contribute to more accurate genetic counseling and provide further insight into the syndrome.</p
Adaptive Evolution in the Glucose Transporter 4 Gene Slc2a4 in Old World Fruit Bats (Family: Pteropodidae)
Frugivorous and nectarivorous bats are able to ingest large quantities of sugar in a short time span while avoiding the potentially adverse side-effects of elevated blood glucose. The glucose transporter 4 protein (GLUT4) encoded by the Slc2a4 gene plays a critical role in transmembrane skeletal muscle glucose uptake and thus glucose homeostasis. To test whether the Slc2a4 gene has undergone adaptive evolution in bats with carbohydrate-rich diets in relation to their insect-eating sister taxa, we sequenced the coding region of the Slc2a4 gene in a number of bat species, including four Old World fruit bats (Pteropodidae) and three New World fruit bats (Phyllostomidae). Our molecular evolutionary analyses revealed evidence that Slc2a4 has undergone a change in selection pressure in Old World fruit bats with 11 amino acid substitutions detected on the ancestral branch, whereas, no positive selection was detected in the New World fruit bats. We noted that in the former group, amino acid replacements were biased towards either Serine or Isoleucine, and, of the 11 changes, six were specific to Old World fruit bats (A133S, A164S, V377F, V386I, V441I and G459S). Our study presents preliminary evidence that the Slc2a4 gene has undergone adaptive changes in Old World fruit bats in relation to their ability to meet the demands of a high sugar diet
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