Entropy of financial time series due to the shock of war

The concept of entropy is not uniquely relevant to the statistical mechanics but among others it can play pivotal role in the analysis of a time series, particularly the stock market data. In this area sudden events are especially interesting as they describe abrupt data changes which may have long-lasting effects. Here, we investigate the impact of such events on the entropy of financial time series. As a case study we assume data of polish stock market in the context of its main cumulative index. This index is discussed for the finite time periods before and after outbreak of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, acting as the sudden event. The analysis allows us to validate the entropy-based methodology in assessing market changes as driven by the extreme external factors. We show that qualitative features of market changes can be captured quantitatively in terms of the entropy. In addition to that, the magnitude of the impact is analysed over various time periods in terms of the introduced entropic index. To this end, the present work also attempts to answer whether or not the recent war can be considered as a reason or at least catalyst to the current economic crisis.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure

Properties of monocytes generated from haematopoietic CD34+ stem cells from bone marrow of colon cancer patients

Monocytes exhibit direct and indirect antitumour activities and may be potentially useful for various forms of adoptive cellular immunotherapy of cancer. However, blood is a limited source of them. This study explored whether monocytes can be obtained from bone marrow haematopoietic CD34(+) stem cells of colon cancer patients, using previously described protocol of expansion and differentiation to monocytes of cord blood-derived CD34(+) haematopoietic progenitors. Data show that in two-step cultures, the yield of cells was increased approximately 200-fold, and among these cells, up to 60 % of CD14(+) monocytes were found. They consisted of two subpopulations: CD14(++)CD16(+) and CD14(+)CD16(−), at approximately 1:1 ratio, that differed in HLA-DR expression, being higher on the former. No differences in expression of costimulatory molecules were observed, as CD80 was not detected, while CD86 expression was comparable. These CD14(+) monocytes showed the ability to present recall antigens (PPD, Candida albicans) and neoantigens expressed on tumour cells and tumour-derived microvesicles (TMV) to autologous CD3(+) T cells isolated from the peripheral blood. Monocytes also efficiently presented the immunodominant HER-2/neu(369–377) peptide (KIFGSLAFL), resulting in the generation of specific cytotoxic CD8(+) T lymphocytes (CTL). The CD14(++)CD16(+) subset exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity, though nonsignificant, towards tumour cells in vitro. These observations indicate that generation of monocytes from CD34(+) stem cells of cancer patients is feasible. To our knowledge, it is the first demonstration of such approach that may open a way to obtain autologous monocytes for alternative forms of adaptive and adoptive cellular immunotherapy of cancer

Heterogeneity of Microglial Activation in the Innate Immune Response in the Brain

The immune response in the brain has been widely investigated and while many studies have focused on the proinflammatory cytotoxic response, the brain’s innate immune system demonstrates significant heterogeneity. Microglia, like other tissue macrophages, participate in repair and resolution processes after infection or injury to restore normal tissue homeostasis. This review examines the mechanisms that lead to reduction of self-toxicity and to repair and restructuring of the damaged extracellular matrix in the brain. Part of the resolution process involves switching macrophage functional activation to include reduction of proinflammatory mediators, increased production and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and production of cytoactive factors involved in repair and reconstruction of the damaged brain. Two partially overlapping and complimentary functional macrophage states have been identified and are called alternative activation and acquired deactivation. The immunosuppressive and repair processes of each of these states and how alternative activation and acquired deactivation participate in chronic neuroinflammation in the brain are discussed

Natural building stones in the walls of the monastery on Łysa Góra and their educational and esthetic values : proposal of geological tour

Historic monastery of Holy Cross located on the top of Mt Łysa Góra (Bald Mountain) (595 m a.s.l.), which is one of the highest hills of Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains, is to be considered cultural and historical centre of the Świętokrzyskie region. Despite of eventful, almost a thousand-year, history, numerous destructions and redevelopments, the monastery, which up to the middle of 17th century was the biggest Polish religious sanctuary, is nowadays visited by hundreds of thousands of people annually. Through the ages, multiple types of natural building stones were used for the purpose of wall construction as well as for decoration of interiors of the monastery. In comparison with other architectural objects of the region, the monastery of Holy Cross is characterized with big diversity. Bearing in mind persistency and beauty of the structure, multiple types of natural building stones were brought to the top of Bald Mountain and can still be admired while visiting the abbey. Rocks, which represent almost entire lithostratigraphic sequence, from the Cambrian to the Neogene, can be found here. Majority of them comes from the area of Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains and its vicinity, however some details were made of precious raw materials imported from Scandinavia, Belgium, England and Italy, which were very rare in this part of Poland. Nowadays, viewing stone decoration of Holy Cross sanctuary, not only enables to admire work of art, but also gives the possibility to get acknowledged with richness and diversity of rocks as well as multiple interesting geological structures, which they include

Acritarchs from Cambrian deposits of the southern part of the Łysogóry unit in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

The palynology of the Cambrian claystones and mudstones of the Góry Pieprzowe Shale Formation in the southern part of the Łysogóry region (Holy Cross Mts., Poland) are described. These deposits had been referred to the Middle Cambrian of the Paradoxides paradoxissimus and Paradoxides forchhammeri Superzones. Here, rocks from 10 shallow drillings and several exposures in the Opatów region have been examined. Scarce and poorly preserved acritarch assemblages contain several forms that are indicative for the Upper Cambrian, while the genera Acanthodiacrodium, Cymatiogalea, Stelliferidium, Trunculumarium, Nellia, Impluviculus, Calyxiella, and Veryhachium excludes the possibility of a Middle Cambrian age. Rather, these forms suggest the Upper Cambrian, most probably its middle and upper part. The occurrence of the rocks of this age to both north and south of the Łysogóry quartzite outcrops indicates tectonic repetition of the geological structure in the Main Range of the Holy Cross Mountains.The dark colours of palynoflora from the Pieprzowe Mountains in Sandomierz are identical with the colours of the Cambrian microflora from the Łysogóry region, and differ from the bright colours characterising organic matter in the Kielce region of the Holy Cross Mountains. This suggests a tectonic relation of the Pieprzowe Mountains with the Łysogóry region rather than with the Kielce region, as hitherto thought

The Cambrian of the western part of the Pomeranian Caledonides foreland, Peribaltic Syneclise : microfloral evidence

This paper describes the microfloral succession in Cambrian deposits in the Kościerzyna IG 1 and Gdańsk IG 1 boreholes drilled in the western part of the Peribaltic Syneclise, immediately adjoining the T-T Zone in the Pomeranian Caledonides foreland. Both these boreholes have yielded abundant acritarch assemblages that allow the partial zonation of the Lower and Middle Cambrian deposits. The Cambrian deposits of the Kościerzyna IG 1 borehole comprise the following microfloral zones: Asteridium tornatum-Comasphaeridium velvetum, Skiagia ornata-Fimbriaglomerella membranacea and Heliosphaeridium dissimilare-Skiagia ciliosa. The Volkovia dentifera-Liepaina plana Zone may also be present. The Acadoparadoxides pinus Zone (upper part of the A. oelandicus Superzone), well documented by trilobites, might correlate with the Cristallinium cambriense-Eliasum Superzone. This conflicts with the findings of Jankauskas and Lendzion (1992), who restricted the range of the commonly occurring C. cambriense (Slavikova) only to the Paradoxides paradoxissimus Superzone and younger deposits. The Lower Cambrian Skiagia-Fimbriaglomerella and (or) Heliosphaeridium-Skiagia Zones have been documented in the Gdańsk IG 1 borehole. As in the Kościerzyna IG 1 borehole, abundant Middle Cambrian acritarchs of the C. cambriense-Eliasum Superzone define the presence of rocks not older than equivalents of the A. pinus Zone. Palynomorphs from the Kościerzyna IG 1 borehole correspond to stage 6 of the AMOCO thermal alteration scale, i.e. to palaeotemperatures considerably exceeding 100°C. The maximum palaeotemperature of the Cambrian rocks at Gdańsk has not exceeded 100°C

The Ordovician acritarchs of the Pomeranian Caledonides and their foreland - similarities and differences

Ordovician acritarch assemblages of the West Pomeranian Caledonides and their platformal foreland in the Peribaltic Syneclise immediately adjoining the T-T Zone were investigated. Material come from the Ordovician section of the Kościerzyna IG 1, Lębork IG 1 and Gdańsk IG 1 boreholes drilled in the marginal part of the East European Craton, though acritarchs were found only in two samples from the Gdańsk IG 1 borehole. In general, microflora was abundant and the investigations supported current ideas on the stratigraphical level of these rocks. The acritarch assemblages from the Gdańsk IG 1 borehole, found at a depth of 3214.8 m, contain species of Baltisphaeridium, characteristic of the Llanvirn and described by Górka from the eastern part of the Peribaltic Syneclise and the Podlasie Depression. The abundant microflora from West Pomerania contains index taxa of the uppermost Llanvirn (Llandeilo) and Caradoc. Numerous palynomorph associations from the Ordovician rocks of the Koszalin-Chojnice Zone can be divided into three local microfloral zones, using quantitative data, and these may be useful for local stratigraphical correlations. Acritarch assemblages on either side of the T-T Zone show many similarities and suggest that, in the late Llanvirn and Caradoc, there was little palaeogeographic separation between the sedimentary basins of Baltica and West Pomerania; at least, their palaeolatitudinal positions were similar. The thermal maturity of Ordovician organic matter (low and moderate) is also similar in both these areas. The highest heat flow values seem to be characteristic of the western part of the Peribaltic Syneclise, adjoining the T-T Zone. The degree of their thermal alterations in the West Pomeranian Caledonides is surprisingly low when the strong tectonic deformation and considerable depth of the Ordovician rocks are taken into account. The high morphological diversity of the acritarch assemblages, the presence of Baltisphaeridium and Ordovicidium, and especially of abundant Veryhachium, suggest that microflora from the Koszalin-Chojnice Zone represents an open-marine depositional palaeoenvironment, distant from the coast

Lithology and acritarch assemblage of the Zalesie Formation in the Holy Cross Mountains on the background of the Late Ordovician paleogeography and sea-level changes

The uppermost Ordovician in the Holy Cross Mountains is represented by sandy mudstones, sandstones and marls of the Zalesie Formation deposited during the Hirnantian regression. Two arcitarch assemblages were recognized in the studied Upper Ordovician succession of the southern Holy Cross Mountains. The first one is dominated by species of Baltisphaeridium, Polygonium, Exculibranchium, Orthosphaeridium, Ordovicidium, Peteinosphaeridium, Multiplicisphaeridium, which occur in the upper Caradoc deposits. Upward in the section, these taxa are replaced mainly by diversified species of Veryhachium occurring together with Domasia, Deunfia, Leiofusa, Polygonium, Cheleutochroa, Multiplicisphaeridium and Polygonium. In the Zalesie Formation (upper Ashgill) they are accompanied by the redeposited Furongian/Lower Ordovician specimens and the Middle Ordovician species of the peri-Gondwanian affinity (e.g. Frankea), which were likely transported from Avalonia during collision of this terrane with Baltica