Prevalence of daytime urinary incontinence and related risk factors in primary school children in Turkey

Purpose: Urinary incontinence is one of the major urinary symptoms in children and adolescents and can lead to major distress for the affected children and their parents. In accordance with the definitions of the Standardization Committee of the International Children's Continence Society, daytime urinary incontinence (DUI) is uncontrollable leakage of urine during the day. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of DUI in Turkish primary school children. Materials and Methods: The questionnaire, which covered sociodemographic variables and the voiding habits of the children, was completed by the parents of 2,353 children who were attending primary school in Denizli, a developing city of Turkey. The children's voiding habits were evaluated by use of the Dysfunctional Voiding and Incontinence Symptoms Score, which is a validated questionnaire. Children with a history of neurological or urological diseases were excluded. Results: The participation rate was 91.9% (2,164 people). The overall prevalence of DUI was 8.0%. The incidence of DUI tended to decrease with increasing age and was not significantly different between genders (boys, 8.8%; girls, 7.3%; p=0.062). Age, maternal education level, family history of daytime wetting, settlement (urban/rural), history of constipation, urinary tract infection, and urgency were independent risk factors of DUI. Conclusions: Our findings showed that DUI is a common health problem in primary school children. In an effort to increase awareness of children's voiding problems and the risk factors for urinary dysfunction in the population, educational programs and larger school-based screening should be carried out, especially in regions with low socioeconomic status. © The Korean Urological Association, 2014

Does two episodes of acute urinary retention lead to additional ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat bladder?

AIM: To determine whether two episodes of acute urinary retention lead to additional ischemia-reperfusion injury due to decompression of the bladder, or not. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sham, retention and recurrent retention groups consisting of 5, 8 and 8 Wistar Albino male rats were randomized, respectively. After the bladders of rats were emptied with 3F catheter, penile urethras were clamped with aneurism clamp and waited for 30 min after diuresis was forced. At the end of this period, penile clamps were removed and the bladder was again decompressed with 3F catheter and after 30 min removed for examination. In the recurrent retention group, the same process was repeated after an interval of one week. Malonedialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicator of lipid peroxidation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels, indicator of leukocyte activation, were examined biochemically in the tissues of the removed bladders. RESULTS: In the retention and recurrent retention groups, the average increase in bladder MDA and MPO values was higher than the values of sham group (P 0.05). CONCLUSION: In the bladder tissue, due to acute urinary retention and following decompression process, ischemia-reperfusion injury occurs. Two episodes of acute urinary retention do not lead to additional the ischemia-reperfusion injury that develops in the bladder

ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat bladder?

Aim: To determine whether two episodes of acute urinary retention lead to additional ischemia-reperfusion injury due to decompression of the bladder, or not. Materials and methods: Sham, retention and recurrent retention groups consisting of 5, 8 and 8 Wistar Albino male rats were randomized, respectively. After the bladders of rats were emptied with 3F catheter, penile urethras were clamped with aneurism clamp and waited for 30 min after diuresis was forced. At the end of this period, penile clamps were removed and the bladder was again decompressed with 3F catheter and after 30 min removed for examination. In the recurrent retention group, the same process was repeated after an interval of one week. Malonedialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicator of lipid peroxidation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels, indicator of leukocyte activation, were examined biochemically in the tissues of the removed bladders. Results: In the retention and recurrent retention groups, the average increase in bladder NIDA and MPO values was higher than the values of sham group (P 0.05). Conclusion: In the bladder tissue, due to acute urinary retention and following decompression process, ischemia-reperfusion Injury occurs. Two episodes of acute urinary retention do not lead to additional the ischemia-reperfusion injury that develops in the bladder.C1 Pamukkale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Urol, Denizli, Turkey.Pamukkale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Denizli, Turkey

Elevation of serum and urinary carbohydrate antigen 19-9 in benign hydronephrosis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to find out the predictive role of serum and urinary carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels in benign hydronephrosis and whether these levels are helpful for differentiation of complete or partial urinary obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-four patients with, and 23 without, benign hydronephrosis were enrolled in this study. Serum and urinary carbohydrate antigen 19-9 were determined by the chemiluminescence enzyme immunometric assay method and these levels were correlated with clinical factors. RESULTS: The mean serum (P < 0.0001) and urinary (P < 0.0001) carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and serum creatinine (P < 0.008) levels were significantly higher in the hydronephrosis group than the control group. There was significant correlation between serum and urinary carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels in the hydronephrosis group (r = 0.639, P < 0.0001). In the hydronephrosis group, there were no significant differences between the serum creatinine, serum or urinary carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels and the clinical features except symptom duration. The best cut-off value for the serum and urinary carbohydrate antigen 19-9 were found to be 4.84 U/mL and 29.35 U/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION: Serum and urinary carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels correlated with each other, were significantly elevated in patients with hydronephrosis and did not predict complete urinary obstruction. Benign hydronephrosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 increments, as this is what is of most importance in clinical practice

Does digital rectal examination affect uroflowmetry measurements?

Aims: To determine whether digital rectal examination (DRE) would affect uroflowmetry parameters and whether these findings were not due to the circaidan changes. Methods: A total of 79 male patients (59 in study and 20 in control group) were included in this study. First uroflowmetry was done at 10:00 AM just before the genitourinary physical examination in the study group. Second and third uroflowmetry was performed at the 6th and 24th hour after the first uroflowmetry. The same uroflowmetry tests were done in a control group without DRE. Voided volume and maximum and average flow rate parameters of uroflowmetry were interpreted in our study. The relationship among first, second, and third uroflowmetry parameters were determined in the study and control groups. Results: There were statistically no difference between the mean first, or 6th- or 24th-hour uroflowmetry parameters of the study and control groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: We could not find any effect of DRE on uroflowmetry parameters. Studies in a larger patient series would be appropriate for recommending DRE before or after uroflowmetry test. NeurouroL Urodynam. 22:138-141, 2003. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc

The effect of partial unilateral ureteral obstruction release and allopurinol on the renal malondialdehyde and glutathione levels.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether relief of partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO) with or without antioxidant drug affect renal tissue malonedialdehyde (MDA) and glutathion (GSH) levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 25 rats were used in this PUUO study. Partial unilateral ureteral obstruction was created by the burial of the upper one-third of the left ureter in the psoas muscle. The rats were sacrificed on 28th day following PUUO. Relief of the obstruction was performed twenty minutes before sacrifice by cutting the proximal ureter in reperfusion group. 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal allopurinol was administered 20 minutes before relief of obstruction in the antioxidant group. Renal tissue MDA and GSH levels were measured in both kidneys. RESULTS: At the end of the study 5, 7 and 7 rats could only be interpreted in sham, reperfusion and antioxidant groups, respectively. While the mean left and right renal MDA and GSH levels were statistically different from each other in reperfusion group (P 0.05) and antioxidant (P > 0.05) group. Both the mean sham group left and right renal tissue MDA or GSH levels were significantly different from reperfusion group, but only the mean sham group left renal tissue MDA and right renal tissue GSH levels were not statistically different from antioxidant group (P 0.05). CONCLUSION: Partial unilateral ureteral obstruction leads to oxidative injury by relief of obstruction in both kidneys. The antioxidant allopurinol has a beneficial effect on renal MDA and GSH levels in both kidneys

hydronephrosis

Objective: The aim of this study was to find out the predictive role of serum and urinary carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels in benign hydronephrosis and whether these levels are helpful for differentiation of complete or partial urinary obstruction.Materials and methods: Fifty-four patients with, and 23 without, benign hydronephrosis were enrolled in this study. Serum and urinary carbohydrate antigen 19-9 were determined by the chemiluminescence enzyme immunometric assay method and these levels were correlated with clinical factors.Results: The mean serum (P < 0.0001) and urinary (P < 0.0001) carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and serum creatinine (P < 0.008) levels were significantly higher in the hydronephrosis group than the control group. There was significant correlation between serum and urinary carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels in the hydronephrosis group (r = 0.639, P < 0.0001). In the hydronephrosis group, there were no significant differences between the serum creatinine, serum or urinary carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels and the clinical features except symptom duration. The best cut-off value for the serum and urinary carbohydrate antigen 19-9 were found to be 4.84 U/mL and 29.35 U/mL, respectively.Conclusion: Serum and urinary carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels correlated with each other, were significantly elevated in patients with hydronephrosis and did not predict complete urinary obstruction. Benign hydronephrosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 increments, as this is what is of most importance in clinical practice.C1 Pamukkale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Denizli, Turkey.Pamukkale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Urol, Denizli, Turkey

allopurinol on the renal malondialdehyde and glutathione levels

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether relief of partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO) with or without antioxidant drug affect renal tissue malonedialdehyde (MDA) and glutathion (GSH) levels.Materials and methods: A total of 25 rats were used in this PUUO study. Partial unilateral ureteral obstruction was created by the burial of the upper one-third of the left ureter in the psoas muscle. The rats were sacrificed on 28th day following PUUO. Relief of the obstruction was performed twenty minutes before sacrifice by cutting the proximal ureter in reperfusion group. 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal allopurinol was administered 20 minutes before relief of obstruction in the antioxidant group. Renal tissue MDA and GSH levels were measured in both kidneys.Results: At the end of the study 5, 7 and 7 rats could only be interpreted in sham, reperfusion and antioxidant groups, respectively. While the mean left and right renal MDA and GSH levels were statistically different from each other in reperfusion group (P 0.05) and antioxidant (P > 0.05) group. Both the mean sham group left and right renal tissue MDA or GSH levels were significantly different from reperfusion group, but only the mean sham group left renal tissue MDA and right renal tissue GSH levels were not statistically different from antioxidant group (P 0.05).Conclusion: Partial unilateral ureteral obstruction leads to oxidative injury by relief of obstruction in both kidneys. The antioxidant allopurinol has a beneficial effect on renal MDA and GSH levels in both kidneys