Adaptation to Motherhood and Its Influential Factors in the First Year Postpartum in Iranian Primiparous

Background: Postpartum is a significant transition period for women and could be markedly stressful. Postpartum stress is a well-established risk factor for poor parenting practices and inadequate mother-infant interaction. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess adaptation to motherhood and its influential factors in the first year postpartum in Iranian women. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in an urban area in the north of Iran. Inclusion criteria were age of more than 18 years, primiparous women, having healthy children in less than one year postpartum, Persian literacy, and willingness to participate in the research. Ill and disabled women, those with a history of depression, and high-risk pregnancies were excluded from the study. Convenience sampling was employed in seven health centers, and 536 subjects were selected. Data were collected using the scale of the experiences of Iranian first-time mothers in maternal role adaptation and demographic questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and regression and ordinal logistic regression. Results: None of the women had poor adaptation to motherhood. In addition, 2.6% of the subjects had average adaptation, 78.8% had good adaptation, and 18.6% had excellent adaptation. According to the logistic regression results, favorable economic status increased the possibility of appropriate adaptation by twice (OR=2.03; CI: 1.3-3.004; P<0.001). Conclusion: Provision of proper counseling services requires the recognition of the influential factors in adaptation to motherhood. According to the results, adaption of women to motherhood in the first year postpartum largely depends on the economic support of the mother and infant

Spatial and phylodynamic survey on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains in northeast of Iran

Background: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is asymptomatic in infected animals, yet the virus poses a serious threat to humans causing a symptomatic, hemorrhagic disease with a high case-fatality rate. Numerous genera of ticks serve as both vectors and reservoirs of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). Objectives: The aim of the present study is to determine the CCHFV prevalence in ticks from northeast Iran to establish a phylogenetic relationship of the tick-derived CCHFV strains circulating in Iran. Methods: During April to June 2015, a total of 93 hard ticks were collected from different animals in the Damghan district. The Ssegment of positive samples was fully sequenced using the Sanger technique. A total of 142 CCHFV sequences comprised full-length of CCHFV sequences obtained in this study were aligned using the MAFFT algorithm, then phylogenetic tree was constructed using Geneious v 7.1.8. Results: The identified tick species included Hyalomma marginatum (6.5), Hy. dromedarii (21.5), Hy. anatolicum (15.1), Hy. asiaticum (3.2) and Hy. schulzei (2.2), as well as Rhipicephalus sanguineus (47.3). The CCHFV RNA was detected in 4 samples of 93 tick samples (4.3) by RT-PCR. A total of 4 CCHFV sequences were obtained in this study clustered within clade IV (Asia-1 and Asia-2). Conclusions:We demonstrated that 4 species of hard ticks could be a vector forCCHFV in Iran. In addition, our findings indicate the circulation of CCHFV clade IV strain in the northeast of Iran and provide a solid base for more targeted surveillance and prevention programs in Iran. © 2018, Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology

Spatial and phylodynamic survey on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains in northeast of Iran

Background: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is asymptomatic in infected animals, yet the virus poses a serious threat to humans causing a symptomatic, hemorrhagic disease with a high case-fatality rate. Numerous genera of ticks serve as both vectors and reservoirs of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). Objectives: The aim of the present study is to determine the CCHFV prevalence in ticks from northeast Iran to establish a phylogenetic relationship of the tick-derived CCHFV strains circulating in Iran. Methods: During April to June 2015, a total of 93 hard ticks were collected from different animals in the Damghan district. The Ssegment of positive samples was fully sequenced using the Sanger technique. A total of 142 CCHFV sequences comprised full-length of CCHFV sequences obtained in this study were aligned using the MAFFT algorithm, then phylogenetic tree was constructed using Geneious v 7.1.8. Results: The identified tick species included Hyalomma marginatum (6.5), Hy. dromedarii (21.5), Hy. anatolicum (15.1), Hy. asiaticum (3.2) and Hy. schulzei (2.2), as well as Rhipicephalus sanguineus (47.3). The CCHFV RNA was detected in 4 samples of 93 tick samples (4.3) by RT-PCR. A total of 4 CCHFV sequences were obtained in this study clustered within clade IV (Asia-1 and Asia-2). Conclusions:We demonstrated that 4 species of hard ticks could be a vector forCCHFV in Iran. In addition, our findings indicate the circulation of CCHFV clade IV strain in the northeast of Iran and provide a solid base for more targeted surveillance and prevention programs in Iran. © 2018, Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology

Molecular assay on Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus in ticks (Ixodidae) collected from Kermanshah Province, Western Iran

Background: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a feverous and hemorrhagic disease endemic in some parts of Iran and caused by an arbovirus related to Bunyaviridae family and Nairovirusgenus. The main virus reservoir in the nature is ticks, however small vertebrates and a wide range of domestic and wild animals are regarded as reservoir hosts. This study was conducted to determine the infection rate of CCHF virus in hard ticks of Sarpole- Zahab County, Kermanshah province, west of Iran. Methods: From total number of 851 collected ticks from 8 villages, 131 ticks were selected randomlyand investigated for detection of CCHF virus using RT-PCR. Results: The virus was found in 3.8 of the tested ticks. Hyalommaanatolicum, H.asiaticum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus species were found to have viral infection, with the highest infection rate (11.11) in Rh. sanguineus. Conclusion: These findings provide epidemiological evidence for planning control strategies of the disease in the study area

Assessment of starch dietary regimen regarding pre-menstrual syndrome among high school students in Sari during 2007

AbstractBackground and Purpose: Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) is one of the abnormalities associated with pre-menstrual cycles. Approximately 85% to 97% of women are suffering from psycho-somatic of physiological and behavioral symptoms from PMS, prior to menstruation. The most common PMS symptoms include: flatulence, stress anxiety, breast tenderness, depression, fatigue, unknown irritability, anger, poor concentration, and some degree in extremities edema. There are several therapeutic methods for PMS such as: oral contraceptive pills, GnRH antagonisms, diazole, use of Calcium and vitamin supplements, and dietary modification in which there is a controversy regarding type of diet. We assessed the effect of third- hour starch dietary regimen on pre-menstrual syndrome among high school students.Materials and Methods: This randomized quasi- experimental study was performed on students in grade 2 and 3 in Private and Governmental high schools in Sari. The sample size was calculated using randomize numbers table (478 participants). A questionnaire composed of two parts was prepared. The first part included demographic characteristics, while the second part consisted of data related to history of menstrual cycle, pervious diseases and use of drugs. The symptoms of PMS were assessed at the beginning of the study and also at the end of the first, second and third month after beginning of the third-hours starch regimen. Data was gathered by self-reporting technique, analyzed by descriptive and comprehensive statistical techniques.Results: The age range of participants was 14 to 19 years of age (16.891.12). The mean of menstrual cycle was 28.872.1 days, and the mean of menstrual duration was 6.321.8. PMS symptoms score was 12.858.01 prior to dietary regimen, and at the end of one, two and three months, following dietary regimen in-take were 11.037.59, 12.477.79 and 11.136.71 respectively. This study indicated that there was significant differences among the groups.Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that carbohydrate-rich diet in-take can improve PMS symptoms. Therefore, it appears that codified teaching programs via medical health service and instruction to the students, is beneficial about the effects of diet on relieving PMS symptoms, and can reduce the usage of drugs during menstrual cycle.J Mazand Univ Med Sci 2008; 18(65):19-27 (Persian

Influencing factors on high-risk sexual behaviors in young people: An ecological perspective

In recent years, high-risk sexual behaviors due to their negative consequences both for the individual and society have received more attention than other high-risk behaviors. The aim of this study was to review the influencing factors of high-risk sexual behaviors among young people from an ecological point of view. This review was conducted through searching databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library with keywords such as sexual risk-taking behavior, high-risk sex, unprotected sex and unsafe sex. The relevant papers published between 1995 and 2016 were extracted. After reviewing the abstract and full text of the articles, 45 papers were used to write this article. From an ecological theory approach, factors which influence high-risk sexual behaviors are divided into three categories - the microsystem, the mesosystem and the macrosystem. The microsystem includes factors such as age, gender, race, marital status, place of residence, religion, level of education, personality traits, psychological problems, childhood experiences, body image and coincidence of high-risk behaviors; the mesosystem includes factors such as family structure, peers and sex education; in the macrosystem, the impact of culture and traditions of the society, economic status and the media are presented. Given that high-risk sexual behaviors often have multiple causes, it seems that health policymakers must consider multi-dimensional interventions to influence high-risk sexual behaviors based on the ecological approach. © 2019 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Exploring the relationship between health concerns and high-risk behaviours in Medical Sciences' students

Aim: The need to cope with life concerns may drive an individual to resort to high-risk behaviours. This study aimed to determine the relationship between health concerns and high-risk behaviours. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: We sampled 926 Medical Sciences' students from the North of Iran from September�December 2017 using the stratified sampling method. Results: The most and less common high-risk behaviour was physical inactivity (97.5) and high-risk sexual behaviour (15.7), respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, participants' concerns about human sexuality (AOR: 1.39; CI: 1.22, 1.57), injury prevention and control (AOR: 1.12; CI: 1.01, 1.20), nutrition (AOR: 1.13; CI: 1.02, 1.26) and emotional health (AOR: 1.08; CI: 1.02, 1.15) increased the odds of risky behaviours. Among Medical Sciences' students, health concerns are linked with risky behaviours. The result of this study can be used to develop relevant interventions targeting mental health to reduce risky behaviour among youth. © 2020 The Authors. Nursing Open published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

MR Vaccination in Pregnancy and its Subsequent Complications

Background and purpose: MR vaccination is prohibited among pregnant women, therefore pregnancy is recommended three months after vaccination. On the other hand, pregnant women acquiring these diseases face unwanted complications. We tried to determine the frequency of congenital disorders in the newborns of the vaccinated pregnant women under 25 years in Mazandaran province.Materials and Methods: This historical cohort study was done by consent method on 1031 cases throughout Mazandaran province. 406 cases out of the population were vaccinated without prior information about their pregnancy. The data were collected by questionnaires through referring to their healthcare files and telephone contacts just to make sure about their vaccination conditions. The data obtained from these cases along with the data from 493 pregnant women who were not vaccinated during the years 2002-2003 were statistically analyzed.Results: Pregnancy complications were observed in 58 (6.5%) subjects; 24 (41.38%) in the control group and 34 (58.62%) in the case group. The rate of complications in the subjects under the study was as follows: premature delivery in 27 (46.57%) subjects; 8 (29.62%) in the control group and 19 (70.38%) in the case group; weight under 2500 gram at birth in 19 (32.75%) subjects; 12 (63.16%) in the control group and 7 (36.84%) in the case group; still birth in 6 (10.34%) subjects 1 (16.67%) in the control group and 5 (83.33%) in the case group; abortion in 6 subjects (10.34%); 2 (23.33%) in the control group and 4 in (66.67%) in the case group. Only one person in the control group had intra uterine growth retardation. No significant pregnancy complication difference was observed between the case and the control groups in this study (P>0.05)Conclusion: Results of this study and the related researches indicate that though MR vaccination during pregnancy is safe, the randomly performed vaccination of pregnant women, should be advised and the followed up for the probable unwanted complications