Dense, thin clouds and reprocessed radiation in the central regions of Active Galactic Nuclei

The primary radiation generated in the central continuum-forming region of Active Galactic Nuclei can be reprocessed by very dense, small-scale clouds that are optically-thin to Thomson scattering. In spite of the extreme conditions expected to prevail in this innermost, central environment, the radiative clouds can survive and maintain cool temperatures relative to the ambient emitting region by means of magnetic confinement. Motivated by these ideas, we present a detailed quantitative study of such clouds, explicitly describing the physical properties they can attain under thermal and radiative equilibrium conditions. We also discuss the thermal stability of the gas in comparison to that of other reprocessing material thought to reside at larger distances from the central source. We construct a model to predict the emergent spectra from a source region containing dense clouds which absorb and reemit the primary radiation generated therein. Our predicted spectra show the following two important results: (i) the reprocessed flux emitted at optical/UV energies is insufficient to account for the blue bump component in the observed spectra; and (ii) the amount of line radiation that is emitted is at least comparable to (and in many cases dominates) the continuum radiation. The lines are extremely broad and tend to accumulate in the extreme ultraviolet, where they form a peak much more prominent than that which is observed in the optical/UV. This result is supported by current observations, which indicate that the spectral energy distribution of radio-quiet AGN may indeed reach a maximum in the EUV band.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures, latex, uses epsf and rotate, accepted for publication in M

Accretion Discs in Blazars

The characteristic properties of blazars (rapid variability, strong polarization, high brightness) are widely attributed to a powerful relativistic jet oriented close to our line of sight. Despite the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) being strongly jet-dominated, a "big blue bump" has been recently detected in sources known as flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs). These new data provide a unique opportunity to observationally test coupled jet-disc accretion models in these extreme sources. In particular, as energy and angular momentum can be extracted by a jet magnetically coupled to the accretion disc, the thermal disc emission spectrum may be modified from that predicted by the standard model for disc accretion. We compare the theoretically predicted jet-modified accretion disc spectra against the new observations of the "big blue bump" in FSRQs. We find mass accretion rates that are higher, typically by a factor of two, than predicted by standard accretion disc theory. Furthermore, our results predict that the high redshift blazars PKS 0836+710, PKS 2149-307, B2 0743+25 and PKS 0537-286 may be predominantly powered by a low or moderate spin (a < 0.6) black hole with high mass accretion rates mdot_a ~ 50 - 200 msol/yr, while 3C 273 harbours a rapidly spinning black hole (a = 0.97) with mdot_a ~ 20 msol/yr. We also find that the black hole masses in these high redshift sources must be > 5 * 10^9 msol.Comment: Accepted for publication (17 August 2009) in MNRA

Towards a New Standard Theory for Astrophysical Disk Accretion

We briefly review recent developments in black hole accretion disk theory, placing new emphasis on the vital role played by magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stresses in transporting angular momentum. The apparent universality of accretion-related outflow phenomena is a strong indicator that vertical transport of angular momentum by large-scale MHD torques is important and may even dominate radial transport by small-scale MHD turbulence. This leads to an enhanced overall rate of angular momentum transport and allows accretion of matter to proceed at an interesting rate. Furthermore, we argue that when vertical transport is important, the radial structure of the accretion disk is modified and this affects the disk emission spectrum. We present a simple model demonstrating that energetic, magnetically-driven outflows give rise to a disk spectrum that is dimmer and redder than a standard accretion disk accreting at the same rate. We briefly discuss the implications of this key result for accreting black holes in different astrophysical systems.Comment: Accepted for publication as brief review in Mod. Phys. Let.

Physical constraints on the sizes of dense clouds in the central magnetospheres of Active Galactic Nuclei

The range of microphysical and global dynamical timescales in the central regions of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) is sufficiently wide to permit the existence of multiphase structure. In particular, very dense, cool clouds can coexist with a hot, magnetically-dominated medium and can thereby efficiently reprocess the continuum radiation generated in this primary source region. The strong dynamical forces in this central magnetosphere can give rise to extremely small clouds. Microphysical processes then determine whether such clouds can indeed survive, in spite of their extremely contrasting properties relative to the surrounding environment, for long enough to produce potentially observable thermal reprocessing signatures. We examine specific physical constraints on the thicknesses of such reprocessing clouds. Our results are plotted to show the range of conditions that is representative of the central regions of AGN. We find a parameter subspace in the extreme high density regime for which the effects of microphysical diffusion processes can be overcome and for which cool gas can maintain pressure equilibrium with the ambient magnetosphere.Comment: 9 pages, LaTeX type, 2 postscript figures, uses rotate.sty and epsf.sty, accepted for publication in MNRA

A New Equilibrium for Accretion Disks Around Black Holes

Accretion disks around black holes in which the shear stress is proportional to the total pressure, the accretion rate is more than a small fraction of Eddington, and the matter is distributed smoothly are both thermally and viscously unstable in their inner portions. The nonlinear endstate of these instabilities is uncertain. Here a new inhomogeneous equilibrium is proposed which is both thermally and viscously stable. In this equilibrium the majority of the mass is in dense clumps, while a minority reaches temperatures $\sim 10^9$ K. The requirements of dynamical and thermal equilibrium completely determine the parameters of this system, and these are found to be in good agreement with the parameters derived from observations of accreting black holes, both in active galactic nuclei and in stellar binary systems.Comment: AAS LaTeX, accepted to Ap. J. Letter

Compton Scattering of Fe K alpha Lines in Magnetic Cataclysmic Variables

Compton scattering of X-rays in the bulk flow of the accretion column in magnetic cataclysmic variables (mCVs) can significantly shift photon energies. We present Monte Carlo simulations based on a nonlinear algorithm demonstrating the effects of Compton scattering on the H-like, He-like and neutral Fe K alpha lines produced in the post-shock region of the accretion column. The peak line emissivities of the photons in the post-shock flow are taken into consideration and frequency shifts due to Doppler effects are also included. We find that line profiles are most distorted by Compton scattering effects in strongly magnetized mCVs with a low white dwarf mass and high mass accretion rate and which are viewed at an oblique angle with respect to the accretion column. The resulting line profiles are most sensitive to the inclination angle. We have also explored the effects of modifying the accretion column width and using a realistic emissivity profile. We find that these do not have a significant overall effect on the resulting line profiles. A comparison of our simulated line spectra with high resolution Chandra/HETGS observations of the mCV GK Per indicates that a wing feature redward of the 6.4 keV line may result from Compton recoil near the base of the accretion column.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 10 pages with 8 figure

Does the Iron Kα_{\alpha} Line of Active Galactic Nuclei Arise from the Cerenkov Line-like Radiation?

When thermal relativistic electrons with isotropic distribution of velocities move in a gas region, or impinge upon the surface of a cloud that consists of a dense gas or doped dusts, the Cerenkov effect produces peculiar atomic or ionic emission lines -- the Cerenkov line-like radiation. This newly recognized emission mechanism may find wide applications in high-energy astrophysics. In this paper, we tentatively adopt this new line emission mechanism to discuss the origin of iron K$_{\alpha}$ feature of AGNs. Motivation of this research is to attempt a solution to a problem encountered by the ``disk-fluorescence line'' model, i.e. the lack of temporal response of the observed iron K$_{\alpha}$ line flux to the changes of the X-ray continuum flux. If the Cerenkov line emission is indeed responsible significantly for the iron K$_{\alpha}$ feature, the conventional scenario around the central supermassive black holes of AGNs would need to be modified to accommodate more energetic, more violent and much denser environments than previously thought.Comment: 22 pages, 4 figures, 1 table. ApJ in press (December

Linkage between Accretion Disks and Blazars

The magnetic field in an accretion disk is estimated assuming that all of the angular momentum within prescribed accretion disk radii is removed by a jet. The magnetic field estimated at the base of the jet is extrapolated to the blazar emission region using a model for a relativistic axisymmetric jet combined with some simplifying assumptions based on the relativistic nature of the flow. The extrapolated magnetic field is compared with estimates based upon the synchrotron and inverse Compton emission from three blazars, MKN 501, MKN 421 and PKS 2155-304. The magnetic fields evaluated from pure synchrotron self- Compton models are inconsistent with the magnetic fields extrapolated in this way. However, in two cases inverse Compton models in which a substantial part of the soft photon field is generated locally agree well, mainly because these models imply magnetic field strengths which are closer to being consistent with Poynting flux dominated jets. This comparison is based on estimating the mass accretion rate from the jet energy flux. Further comparisons along these lines will be facilitated by independent estimates of the mass accretion rate in blazars and by more detailed models for jet propagation near the black hole.Comment: Submiteed to the Astrophysics & Space Science special issue on the 5th Stromlo Symposiu