31 research outputs found
Methods to study microbial adhesion on abiotic surfaces
Microbial biofilms are a matrix of cells and exopolymeric substances attached to a wet and solid surface and are commonly associated to several problems, such as biofouling and corrosion in industries and infectious diseases in urinary catheters and prosthesis. However, these cells may have several benefits in distinct applications, such as wastewater treatment processes, microbial fuel cells for energy production and biosensors. As microbial adhesion is a key step on biofilm formation, it is very important to understand and characterize microbial adhesion to a surface. This study presents an overview of predictive and experimental methods used for the study of bacterial adhesion. Evaluation of surface physicochemical properties have a limited capacity in describing the complex adhesion process. Regarding the experimental methods, there is no standard method or platform available for the study of microbial adhesion and a wide variety of methods, such as colony forming units counting and microscopy techniques, can be applied for quantification and characterization of the adhesion process.This work was financially supported by: Project UID/EQU/00511/2013-LEPABE, by the FCT/MEC with national funds and co-funded by FEDER in the scope of the P2020 Partnership Agreement; Project NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000025 - RL2_Environment&Health, by FEDER funds through Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade-COMPETE, by the Programa Operacional do Norte (ON2) program and by national funds through FCT - Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia; European Research Project SusClean (Contract number FP7-KBBE-2011-5, project number: 287514), Scholarships SFRH/BD/52624/2014, SFRH/BD/88799/2012 and SFRH/BD/103810/2014
Size Dependence of a Temperature-Induced Solid–Solid Phase Transition in Copper(I) Sulfide
Determination of the phase diagrams for the nanocrystalline forms of materials is crucial for our understanding of nanostructures and the design of functional materials using nanoscale building blocks. The ability to study such transformations in nanomaterials with controlled shape offers further insight into transition mechanisms and the influence of particular facets. Here we present an investigation of the size-dependent, temperature-induced solid-solid phase transition in copper sulfide nanorods from low- to high-chalcocite. We find the transition temperature to be substantially reduced, with the high chalcocite phase appearing in the smallest nanocrystals at temperatures so low that they are typical of photovoltaic operation. Size dependence in phase trans- formations suggests the possibility of accessing morphologies that are not found in bulk solids at ambient conditions. These other- wise-inaccessible crystal phases could enable higher-performing materials in a range of applications, including sensing, switching, lighting, and photovoltaics
Treatment of Amalgam Tattoo With a New Technique: Mucoabrasion and Free Connective Tissue Graft
The Discovery of Citral-Like Thiophenes in Fried Chicken
The isomers of 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal,
more commonly known
together as citral, are two of the most notable natural compounds
in the flavor and fragrance industry. However, both isomers are inherently
unstable, limiting their potential use in various applications. To
identify molecules in nature that can impart the fresh lemon character
of citral while demonstrating stability under acidic and thermal conditions
has been a major challenge and goal for the flavor and fragrance industry.
In the study of fried chicken, several alkyl thiophenecarbaldehydes
were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and
gas chromatography–olfactometry that provided a similar citral-like
aroma. The potential mechanism of formation in fried chicken is discussed.
Furthermore, in order to explore the organoleptic properties of this
structural backbone, a total of 35 thiophenecarbaldehyde derivatives
were synthesized or purchased for evaluation by odor and taste. Certain
organoleptic trends were observed as the length of the alkyl or alkenyl
chain increased or when the chain was moved to different positions
on the thiophene backbone. The 3-substituted alkyl thiophenecarbaldehydes,
specifically 3-butyl-2-thiophenecarbaldehyde and 3-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-2-thiophenecarbaldehyde,
exhibited strong citrus and citral-like notes. Several alkyl thiophenecarbaldehydes
were tested in high acid stability trials (4 °C vs 38 °C)
and outperformed citral both in terms of maintaining freshness over
time and minimizing off-notes. Additional measurements were completed
to calculate the odor thresholds for a select group of thiophenecarbaldehydes,
which were found to be between 4.7–215.0 ng/L in air