Torefaksi Pelepah Sawit : Pengaruh Kondisi Proses terhadap Nilai Kalor Produk Torefaksi

Palm frond is biomass that has not been widely used as a renewable energy source. Torrefaction is a pretreatment process to improve the quality of the biomass as solid fuel. The aim of this research was to determine the condition of the process to the increase in calorific value torrefaction product. Results of the research is the calorific value and the proximate analysis torrefaction products such as moisture content, ash content, volatile content, and the content of fixed carbon. Torrefaction product calorific value in the range 17.700-19.800 kJ/kg

Pengaruh Kondisi Proses terhadap Yield dan Kadar Lignin Pulp pada Fraksionasi Rumput Perimping dalam Media Asam Formiat

Perimping grass (Themeda gigantea) is a lignocellulosic biomassa which has not been utilized optimally. Fractionation of perimping grass can be converted into valuable products. The objectives the research is to study the effect of the process condition on pulp yield and lignin content in pulp. The effect of the process conditions were studied by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using Central Composite Design (CCD). Fractionation of perimping grass performed on a normal boiling point of the solution with a concentration of formic acid (60%, 70% and 80%), the reaction time of 60-180 minutes, solid liquid ratio of 10/1-20/1, 40 grams perimping grass, HCl catalyst 0,1% wt. The result shows that fractionation of perimping grass have yield pulp of 43,91% to 59,23% and lignin pulp 3,26% - 13,92%. The concentration of formic acid and reaction time influence each response significantly

Pengaruh Kondisi Proses terhadap Kuat Tarik Pulp pada Pembuatan Pulp Rumput Perimping dengan Pelarut Organik Asam Formiat

Perimping grass is one of lignocellulosic material which has not been fully utilized, so it is potential to be used as raw material for pulping which will provide economic value added. Organosolv pulping is the process of pulp making using organic solution. The objectives of this research is to study effect of the process conditions on tensile index. Effect of the process conditions were studied by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD). The experiment pulping is carried out at the boiling temperature of liquor at atmospheric pressure, with 40 grams of perimping grass using formic acid (concentrations of 60%, 70%, and 80%), reaction time (60 minutes, 120 minutes, and 180 minutes), liquid to solid ratio (10/1, 15/1 , And 20/1 b/b), with HCl catalyst 0.1% wt. The result pulp of the perimping grass for tensile index is 659.3-2.1149 N m/g. The variable interaction (concentration of formic acid and reaction time) is a significant factor to the pulp tensile index

Bahan Bakar Padat dari Pelepah Sawit Menggunakan Proses Torefaksi; Variasi Suhu dan Ukuran Bahan Baku

Oil Palm Frond can be used as alternative energy source by using torrefaction process. Torrefaction is a pre-treatment process of biomass into solid fuel within temperature range of 200-300oC in an inert condition. This research aims to produce solid fuel from oil palm frond and study the effect of process variabel towards characteristic of solid fuel resulted. Torrefaction of empty fruit bunch was using fixed bed horizontal reactor with temperature (250-300oC) and particle size (5-15 mm). Product quality resulted was calorific value, mass yield, energy yield and proximate (moisture content, ash content, volatile content and fixed carbon). The result obtained for calorific value in range was 19513.82-22684.77 kJ/kg, mass yield was 47.93-71.64 %, and energy yield was 65.09-86.39 %. 17091.03-20697.13 kJ/kg, mass yield was 52.63-84.52% and energy yield was 64.12-99.05%. Proximate analysis resulted in the form of moisture content was 1.81-3.25 %, ash content was 4.54-6.13 %, volatile content was 40.95-63.48 %, and fixed carbon was 28.62-51.53. from the result obtained, the effect of rising temperature give enhancement to the calorific value, energy yield, ash content, and fixed carbon. While the influence of increasing particle size give enhancement to the mass yield, calorific value, moisture and volatiles content. From the result of hypothesis testing using F test showed that Fcalculated was greater than Ftable. This indicates that the data obtained significant influence and according to the resulting model

Sintesis Hidroksiapatit melalui Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) dari Cangkang Kerang Darah dengan Metode Hidrotermal pada Variasi PH dan Suhu Operasi

Hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is a calcium phosphate compound which is a bioactive ceramic material with high bioafinitas. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) materials used as bone implants, adsorbents and catalysts. Synthesis of hydroxyapatite can be made by using material which is rich of CaCO3 like PCC blood calm shell with a composition of 95.5% CaCO3. In this research, PCC blood calm shell which has calcium source was synthesized to HAp by hydrothermal process. pH of the reaction (10, 11, 12) and reaction temperature (140oC, 160oC, 180oC) was be varied. The outcome of synthesis was characterized by using FTIR, XRD, SEM. The results of FTIR analysis, synthesis of HAp with hydrothermal method showed the formation of hydroxyapatite in the presence of peaks PO43- dan OH-. The highest peak is obtained at pH 10 at reaction temperature of 140oC, 160oC and 180oC. XRD diffraction results in hydroxyapatite get the highest crystallinity obtained at pH 10 at temperature of 180oC with a hexagonal crystal structure and produce a more pure hydroxyapatite. SEM results showed morphology with clots and irregular round shape

Sintesis Hidroksiapatit melalui Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) dari Cangkang Kerang Darah dengan Metode Hidrotermal pada Variasi Waktu Reaksi dan Rasio Ca/P

Potential of waste blood cockle shell in Indonesia is quite large. Waste of blood cockle shell contains calcium carbonate compounds that can be used as raw material for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite . In this research, the PCC synthesis of blood cockle shell in advance to obtain a pure hydroxyapatite. The aim of this research was to get the hydroxyapatite from PCC blood cockle shell, determine optimum process condition and also to investigate the effect of the Ca/P mole ratio and the reaction time toward Hydroxyapatite synthesis. The powder of sea shell was calcined at 900 oC for 2 hours. CaO was converted to PCC which then reacted with diammonium hydrogen phosphate by using water as solvent. The samples then were characterized by using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). The functional groups were observed in the FTIR of the synthesized hydroxyapatite are phosphate (PO43-), hydroxyl (OH-), and carbonate (CO32-). These functional groups indicate that hydroxyapatite has been formed. XRD data showed the main peaks for hydroxyapatite that strenghtened the truth of FTIR characterization. SEM was used to observe the morphology of the synthesized hydroxyapatite that consisted of agglomerates. The optimum conditions in this research is the synthesis of HAp with a ratio of Ca / P 1,61 and 20 hours reaction time with a particle size of hydroxyapatite 39,43 nm, conversion 91,99% and yield 96,66 %

Penggunaan Katalis Fly Ash yang Diimpregnasi dengan CaO dari Ca(NO3)2 pada Tahap Transesterifikasi Minyak Sawit Off-Grade Menjadi Biodiesel

The synthesis of biodiesel from off-grade palm oil needs the help of CaO/fly ash during the transesterification step. CaO with high basicity and acts as a good catalyst. The use of fly ash as the support of CaO catalyst has several benefits because it is safe for the environment, it adds economical value, and Ca inside the fly ash itself can be utilized. The synthesis of biodiesel in this research aims to observe the effect of reaction temperature, molar ratio of methanol : oil, and the effect of CaO/fly ash concentration towards biodiesel yield. The synthesis of biodiesel is performed through esterification reaction to reduce the amount of free fatty acid content in oil, and is continued by transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel. Data processing in this research is conducted using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with the help of Design Expert 7.0 software, while experimental design is determined using Central Composite Design (CCD) which consists of 3 variables. The highest biodiesel yield is 61.72% with a reaction temperature of 60oC, methanol : oil ratio of 8:1, and CaO/fly ash catalyst concentration of 7 %wt. Biodiesel characteristics which consist of density, kinematics viscosity, acid value and flash point is consistent with Indonesia's National Standards (SNI) of biodiesel. The variable which has the highest effect towards biodiesel yield is catalyst concentration