Orbital Evolution of Moons in Weakly Accreting Circumplanetary Disks

We investigate the formation of hot and massive circumplanetary disks (CPDs) and the orbital evolution of satellites formed in these disks. Because of the comparatively small size-scale of the sub-disk, quick magnetic diffusion prevents the magnetorotational instability (MRI) from being well-developed at ionization levels that would allow MRI in the parent protoplanetary disk. In the absence of significant angular momentum transport, continuous mass supply from the parental protoplanetary disk leads to the formation of a massive CPD. We have developed an evolutionary model for this scenario and have estimated the orbital evolution of satellites within the disk. We find, in a certain temperature range, that inward migration of a satellite can be stopped by a change in the structure due to the opacity transitions. Moreover, by capturing second and third migrating satellites in mean motion resonances, a compact system in Laplace resonance can be formed in our disk models.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figure

Anomalous increase of solar anisotropy above 150GV in 1981-1983

An analysis was carried out of the observed data with Nagoya (surface). Misato (34mwe) and Sakashita (80mwe) multidirectional muon telescope, for the solar activity maximum period of 1978-1983. These data respond to primaries extending over the median rigidity range 60GV to 600GV. The observed amplitude at Sakashita station in 1981-1983 increased, especially in 1982; the amplitude is twice as large as that in 1978-1980, when those at Nagoya and Misato stations are nearly the same as those in 1978-1980. Uni-directional anisotropy is derived by the best fit method by assuming the flat rigidity spectrum with the upper cutoff rigidity Pu. The value of Pu obtained is 270GV in 1981-1983 and 150GV in 1978-1980

Sidereal anisotropies in the median rigidity range 60-600GV in 1978-1983

Observed sidereal variations are corrected for the influence of spurious variation by a method using the antisidereal diurnal variations produced from the same 2nd order anisotropy (Nagashima, et al., 1983). It is demonstrated that the corrected variations are a resultant product of two constituents of galactic origin: one is north-south (N-S) symmetric and the other is N-S asymmetric

Solar tri-diurnal variation of cosmic rays in a wide range of rigidity

Solar tri-diurnal variations of cosmic rays have been analyzed in a wide range of rigidity, using data from neutron monitors, and the surface and underground muon telescopes for the period 1978-1983. The rigidity spectrum of the anisotropy in space is assumed to be of power-exponential type as (P/gamma P sub o) to the gamma exp (gamma-P/P sub o). By means of the best-fit method between the observed and the expected variations, it is obtained that the spectrum has a peak at P (=gamma P sub o) approx = 90 GV, where gamma=approx 3.0 and P sub o approx. 30 GV. The phase in space of the tri-diurnal variation is also obtained as 7.0 hr (15 hr and 23 hr LT), which is quite different from that of approx. 1 hr. arising from the axisymmetric distribution of cosmic rays with respect to the IMF

Distinct Fermi-Momentum Dependent Energy Gaps in Deeply Underdoped Bi2212

We use angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy applied to deeply underdoped cuprate superconductors Bi2Sr2(Ca,Y)Cu2O8 (Bi2212) to reveal the presence of two distinct energy gaps exhibiting different doping dependence. One gap, associated with the antinodal region where no coherent peak is observed, increases with underdoping - a behavior known for more than a decade and considered as the general gap behavior in the underdoped regime. The other gap, associated with the near nodal regime where a coherent peak in the spectrum can be observed, does not increase with less doping - a behavior not observed in the single particle spectra before. We propose a two-gap scenario in momentum space that is consistent with other experiments and may contain important information on the mechanism of high-Tc superconductivity.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Scienc

The linkage of innate to adaptive immunity via maturing dendritic cells in vivo requires CD40 ligation in addition to antigen presentation and CD80/86 costimulation

Dendritic cell (DC) maturation is an innate response that leads to adaptive immunity to coadministered proteins. To begin to identify underlying mechanisms in intact lymphoid tissues, we studied α-galactosylceramide. This glycolipid activates innate Vα14+ natural killer T cell (NKT) lymphocytes, which drive DC maturation and T cell responses to ovalbumin antigen. Hours after giving glycolipid i.v., tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ were released primarily by DCs. These cytokines induced rapid surface remodeling of DCs, including increased CD80/86 costimulatory molecules. Surprisingly, DCs from CD40-/- and CD40L-/- mice did not elicit CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunity, even though the DCs exhibited presented ovalbumin on major histocompatibility complex class I and II products and expressed high levels of CD80/86. Likewise, an injection of TNF-α up-regulated CD80/86 on DCs, but CD40 was required for immunity. CD40 was needed for DC interleukin (IL)-12 production, but IL-12p40-/- mice generated normal ovalbumin-specific responses. Therefore, the link between innate and adaptive immunity via splenic DCs and innate NKT cells has several components under distinct controls: antigen presentation in the steady state, increases in costimulatory molecules dependent on inflammatory cytokines, and a distinct CD40/CD40L signal that functions together with antigen presentation ( signal one ) and costimulation ( signal two ) to generate functioning CD4+ T helper cell 1 and CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes

Interaction of laser generated ultrasonic waves with wedge-shaped samples

Wedge-shaped samples can be used as a model of acoustic interactions with samples ranging from ocean wedges, to angled defects such as rolling contact fatigue, to thickness measurements of samples with non-parallel faces. We present work on laser generated ultrasonic waves on metal samples; one can measure the dominant Rayleigh-wave mode, but longitudinal and shear waves are also generated. We present calculations, models, and measurements giving the dependence of the arrival times and amplitudes of these modes on the wedge apex angle and the separation of generation and detection points, and hence give a measure of the wedge characteristics

Structures and functions of carotenoids bound to reaction centers from purple photosynthetic bacteria

The photoprotective function of 15,15'-cis-carotenoids bound to the photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) of purple bacteria has been studied using carotenoids reconstituted into carotenoidless RCs from Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain R26.1. The triplet-energy level of the carotenoid has been proposed to affect the quenching of the triplet state of special-pair bacteriochlorophyll (P). This was investigated using microsecond flash photolysis to detect the carotenoid triplets as a function of the number of conjugated double bonds, n. The carotenoid triplet signals were extracted by using singular-value decomposition (SVD) of the huge matrices data, and were confirmed for those having n = 8 to 11. This interpretation assumes that the reconstituted carotenoids occupy the same binding site in the RC. We have been able to confirm this assumption using X-ray crystallography to determine the structures of carotenoidless, wild-type carotenoid-containing, and 3,4-dihydro-spheroidene-reconstituted RCs. The X-ray study also emphasized the importance of the methoxy group of the carotenoids for binding to the RCs. Electroabsorption (Stark) spectroscopy was used to investigate the effect of the carotenoid on the electrostatic field around P. This electrostatic field changed by 10 % in the presence of the carotenoid

First order phase transition in the quark matter

We investigate chiral phase transition of the first order in the quark matter. Using the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model, an equation of state of the quark matter which is similar to the van der Waals' one is obtained. Moreover the specific heat and the compressibility are calculated. It is shown that they are enhanced in the symmetry broken phase, in particular diverge near the tricritical point.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figure

Study on unsteady cavitating flow simulation around marine propeller using a RANS CFD code.

The authors have been investigating the possibility of the application of CFD to the propeller performance evaluation and optimization. In these previous papers [1,2], the authors presented CFD simulation of non-cavitating and cavitating flow around a marine propeller using a commercial CFD code. A good agreement with the experiment was confirmed for the non-cavitating flow. Various validations were also carried out for the cavitating flow, and the followings were revealed. First, we confirmed that the cavity shape in a uniform flow was qualitatively well estimated, but the difference between two propellers, of which the blade sections were somewhat different, were not reproduced. Secondary, the cavity pattern in the non-uniform flow was also qualitatively well estimated, but the resulting pressure fluctuation was not validated. In this paper, the systematic experiment was carried out using two propellers, whose dimensions were very similar, to study the above issues, and simulation was carried out for the same cases. In the uniform cavitating flow simulation, the discrepancy of cavity shape around two propellers, whose dimension were very similar, was reproduced, and the quantitative validation of the fluid force such as thrust was done. In the non-uniform cavitating flow simulation, the comparison of the cavity pattern with the experiment and the quantitative validation of the fluctuating pressure on the wall of the cavitation tunnel were done.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/84265/1/CAV2009-final68.pd