16 research outputs found
Interactions among Drosophila larvae before and during collision
In populations of Drosophila larvae, both, an aggregation and a dispersal behavior can be observed. However, the mechanisms coordinating larval locomotion in respect to other animals, especially in close proximity and during/after physical contacts are currently only little understood. Here we test whether relevant information is perceived before or during larva-larva contacts, analyze its influence on behavior and ask whether larvae avoid or pursue collisions. Employing frustrated total internal reflection-based imaging (FIM) we first found that larvae visually detect other moving larvae in a narrow perceptive field and respond with characteristic escape reactions. To decipher larval locomotion not only before but also during the collision we utilized a two color FIM approach (FIM(2c)), which allowed to faithfully extract the posture and motion of colliding animals. We show that during collision, larval locomotion freezes and sensory information is sampled during a KISS phase (german: Kollisions Induziertes Stopp Syndrom or english: collision induced stop syndrome). Interestingly, larvae react differently to living, dead or artificial larvae, discriminate other Drosophila species and have an increased bending probability for a short period after the collision terminates. Thus, Drosophila larvae evolved means to specify behaviors in response to other larvae
Supplementary Material for: The Mortality and Myocardial Effects of Antidepressants Are Moderated by Preexisting Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis
<p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Antidepressants (ADs) are commonly
prescribed medications, but their long-term health effects are debated.
ADs disrupt multiple adaptive processes regulated by evolutionarily
ancient biochemicals, potentially increasing mortality. However, many
ADs also have anticlotting properties that can be efficacious in
treating cardiovascular disease. We conducted a meta-analysis assessing
the effects of ADs on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in
general-population and cardiovascular-patient samples. <b><i>Methods:</i></b>
Two reviewers independently assessed articles from PubMed, EMBASE, and
Google Scholar for AD-related mortality controlling for depression and
other comorbidities. From these articles, we extracted information about
cardiovascular events, cardiovascular risk status, and AD class. We
conducted mixed-effect meta-analyses testing sample type and AD class as
moderators of all-cause mortality and new cardiovascular events. <b><i>Results:</i></b>
Seventeen studies met our search criteria. Sample type consistently
moderated health risks. In general-population samples, AD use increased
the risks of mortality (HR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.14-1.55) and new
cardiovascular events (HR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.08-1.21). In cardiovascular
patients, AD use did not significantly affect risks. AD class also
moderated mortality, but the serotonin reuptake inhibitors were not
significantly different from tricyclic ADs (TCAs) (HR = 1.10, 95% CI:
0.93-1.31, <i>p</i> = 0.27). Only âother ADsâ were differentiable from
TCAs (HR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.08-1.69). Mortality risk estimates increased
when we analyzed the subset of studies controlling for premedication
depression, suggesting the absence of confounding by indication. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The results support the hypothesis that ADs are harmful in the general population but less harmful in cardiovascular patients.</p