17 research outputs found

    Foreign Banks are Branching out: Changing Geographies of Hungarian Banking, 1987–1999

    Get PDF
    Walking through the streets of Budapest in spring 1999 could have given you the following impression: the supermarkets (Spar), the milk products sold there (Danone, MĂŒller), and the property markets (OBI) come from different Western European countries such as the Netherlands, France and Germany. Almost all fast food restaurants (McDonalds, Pizza Hut, KFC) and many hotels (Hilton, Mariott) have their origins in the US; shoes and clothes offered in downtown are designed in Italy or France (Benetton, Marco Polo); medicine is predominantly produced in Switzerland (Novartis, Roche) and the banks as well as the car dealerships have their roots everywhere in the so-called Western world - usually including Japan and other Asian countries with major (car) companies - but not in Hungary itself...

    Gates or no gates? A cross-european enquiry into the driving forces behind gated communities

    No full text
    CsĂ©falvay Z. and Webster C. Gates or no gates? A cross-European enquiry into the driving forces behind gated communities, Regional Studies. This paper addresses one of the biggest gaps in research on gated communities: why is the phenomenon so strong in some countries, but absent in others? After reviewing the mainstream explanations, it outlines an alternative thesis based on theories of public choice and fiscal federalism. To test the relevance of the theory, European countries are divided into two groups - those with a considerable number of gated communities and those with very few or none - and they are compared on fifteen indicators. The results indicate that beyond the visible manifestation of gates and walls, there are deeper institutional driving forces. Gated communities Fiscal federalism Public choice Europe, CsĂ©falvay Z. et Webster C. Avec ou sans portail? Une enquĂȘte paneuropĂ©enne des forces motrices Ă  l'origine du dĂ©veloppement des quartiers rĂ©sidentiels surveillĂ©s, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche Ă  aborder l'une des plus grandes lacunes dans la recherche sur les quartiers rĂ©sidentiels surveillĂ©s: Ă  savoir, pourquoi ce phĂ©nomĂšne est-il tellement Ă©vident dans certains pays, mais brille par son absence dans d'autres? Suite Ă  une revue des principales explications, on esquisse une autre thĂšse qui met plutĂŽt l'accent sur les thĂ©ories du choix politique et du fĂ©dĂ©ralisme fiscal. Pour tester la pertinence de la thĂ©orie, on divise les pays europĂ©ens en deux groupes - ceux qui sont dotĂ©s d'un grand nombre de quartiers rĂ©sidentiels surveillĂ©s et ceux qui n'en ont que trĂšs peu ou aucuns - et on les compare Ă  quinze indicateurs. Les rĂ©sultats laissent voir qu'il existe des forces motrices institutionnelles encore plus profondes qui vont au-delĂ  de la prĂ©sence Ă©vidente des portails et des murs.Quartiers rĂ©sidentiels surveillĂ©s FĂ©dĂ©ralisme fiscal Choix politique Europe, CsĂ©falvay Z. und Webster C. Geschlossen oder nicht? Eine europaweite Untersuchung der AntriebskrĂ€fte hinter geschlossenen Wohnanlagen, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag wird eine der wichtigsten offenen Fragen in der Forschung ĂŒber geschlossene Wohnanlagen untersucht: Warum ist dieses PhĂ€nomen in einigen LĂ€ndern so stark ausgeprĂ€gt, aber in anderen gĂ€nzlich abwesend? Nach einer Untersuchung der gĂ€ngigen ErklĂ€rungen stellen wir eine alternative These auf der Grundlage der Theorien ĂŒber öffentliche Auswahl und fiskalen Föderalismus auf. Zur ÜberprĂŒfung der Relevanz dieser Theorie werden die europĂ€ischen Staaten in zwei Gruppen untergliedert: Staaten mit einer erheblichen Anzahl von geschlossenen Wohnanlagen und Staaten mit sehr wenigen oder keinen solchen Wohnanlagen. Der Vergleich erfolgt mit Hilfe von 15 Indikatoren. Aus den Ergebnissen geht hervor, dass sich hinter den sichtbaren Anzeichen von Toren und Mauern tiefere institutionelle AntriebskrĂ€fte verbergen. Geschlossene Wohnanlagen Fiskaler Föderalismus Öffentliche Auswahl Europa, CsĂ©falvay Z. y Webster C. ÂżCon verjas o sin verjas? Una encuesta transeuropea sobre los desencadenantes de las urbanizaciones privadas, Regional Studies. En este artĂ­culo abordamos una de las lagunas mĂĄs importantes en la investigaciĂłn de urbanizaciones privadas: Âżpor quĂ© este fenĂłmeno es tan fuerte en algunos paĂ­ses y sin embargo no existe en otros? Tras analizar las explicaciones generales, describimos una tesis alternativa basada en las teorĂ­as de la opciĂłn pĂșblica y el federalismo fiscal. Para comprobar la relevancia de esta teorĂ­a, dividimos los paĂ­ses europeos en dos grupos: los que tienen un gran nĂșmero de urbanizaciones privadas y los que tienen pocas o ninguna. Luego las comparamos segĂșn quince indicadores. Los resultados indican que mĂĄs allĂĄ de la manifestaciĂłn visible de verjas y muros, existen desencadenantes institucionales mĂĄs profundos.Urbanizaciones privadas Federalismo fiscal OpciĂłn pĂșblica Europa. © 2012 Copyright Regional Studies Association.link_to_subscribed_fulltex

    Decomposition kinetics of gaseous ozone in peanuts Cinética da decomposição do gås ozÎnio em amendoim

    No full text
    This study was conducted to evaluate the decomposition kinetics of gaseous ozone in peanut grains. This evaluation was made with 1-kg peanut samples, moisture contents being 7.1 and 10.5% wet basis (w.b.), placed in 3-liter glass containers. The peanut grains were ozonated at the concentration of 450 ”g L-1, at 25 and 35 ÂșC, with gas flow rates of 1.0 and 3.0 L min-1. Time of saturation was determined by quantifying the residual concentration of ozone after the gas passed through the grains to constant mass. The decomposition kinetics of ozone was evaluated after the grain mass was ozone-saturated. For the peanut grains whose moisture content was 7.1% (w.b.), at 25 and 35ÂșC and with flow rates of 1.0 and 3.0 L min-1, the values obtained for time of saturation of gaseous ozone ranged between 173 and 192 min; the concentration of saturation was approximately 260 ”g L-1. For the grains whose moisture content was 10.5% (w.b.), a higher residual concentration of gaseous ozone was obtained at 25 ÂșC, that of 190 ”g L-1. As regards the half-life of ozone, the highest value obtained was equivalent to 7.7 min for grains ozonated at 25 ÂșC, while for those with moisture content of 10.5% at 35 ÂșC, half-life was 3.2 min. In the process of ozone decomposition in peanut grains, temperature was concluded to be the key factor. An increase of 10 ÂșC in the temperature of the grains results in a decrease of at least 43% in the half-life of ozone.<br>Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a cinĂ©tica de decomposição do ozĂŽnio em grĂŁos de amendoim. Para avaliar a cinĂ©tica de decomposição do gĂĄs, utilizaram-se amostras de 1 kg de amendoim, com teores de ĂĄgua de 7,1 e 10,5% base Ășmida (b.u.), acondicionadas em recipientes de vidro com capacidade de 3 L. Os grĂŁos de amendoim foram ozonizados na concentração de 450 ”g L-1, nas temperaturas de 25 e 35 ÂșC, e vazĂ”es do gĂĄs de 1,0 e 3,0 L min-1. Determinou-se o tempo de saturação, quantificando-se a concentração residual do ozĂŽnio apĂłs a passagem do gĂĄs pela massa de grĂŁos, atĂ© que a mesma se mantivesse constante. A cinĂ©tica de decomposição foi avaliada depois da saturação da massa de grĂŁos com o gĂĄs. Nessa etapa, obteve-se a concentração residual do ozĂŽnio, depois de perĂ­odos de repouso, durante os quais o gĂĄs reagia no meio poroso, e dessa forma, era decomposto. Um modelo cinĂ©tico de primeira ordem foi ajustado aos dados da concentração residual em função do tempo, apĂłs linearização. A partir dos valores da constante da taxa de decomposição, definida como a inclinação da reta referente ao modelo cinĂ©tico de primeira ordem linearizado, foi possĂ­vel obter a meia-vida do ozĂŽnio em grĂŁos de amendoim. Para os grĂŁos de amendoim com teor de ĂĄgua de 7,1% (b.u.), nas temperaturas de 25 e 35 °C, e vazĂ”es de 1,0 e 3,0 L min-1, os valores obtidos de tempo de saturação do gĂĄs permaneceram na faixa entre 173 e 192 min, com concentração de saturação de aproximadamente 260 ”g. L-1. Para os grĂŁos com teor de ĂĄgua de 10,5% b.u., obteve-se maior concentração residual do gĂĄs na temperatura de 25 ÂșC, sendo igual a 190 ”g. L-1. No que se refere ao tempo de meia-vida do ozĂŽnio, o maior valor obtido foi equivalente a 7,7 min para os grĂŁos ozonizados na temperatura de 25 ÂșC, enquanto para aqueles com 10,5% de teor de ĂĄgua, na temperatura de 35 ÂșC, foi de 3,2 min. Concluiu-se que, no processo de decomposição do ozĂŽnio em grĂŁos de amendoim, o fator determinante Ă© a temperatura. Observou-se que o aumento de 10 ÂșC na temperatura dos grĂŁos implica decrĂ©scimo de, pelo menos, 43% no tempo de meia-vida do gĂĄs
    corecore