Role of Calcium-Calmodulinkinase IIδ_δ in cardioprotection against the ischemia/reperfusion injury

Anästhetika-induzierte Präkonditionierung (APC) mit Desfluran vermittelt einen endogenen Schutzmechanismus gegen den Ischämie/Reperfusionsschaden im Tiermodell mit männlichen C57BL/6 Mäusen. Die Calcium-Calmodulinkinase IIδ (CamKIIδ) spielt eine zentrale Rolle im intrazellulären Calciumhaushalt und beim Ischämie/Reperfusionsschaden. Ein Ergebnis dieser Studie zeigt, dass eine Desfluran-vermittelte Reduktion der Herzinfarktgröße in Wildtyptieren, nicht aber in Mäusen mit homozygotem genetischen Knock-Out (KO) der CaMKIIδ stattfindet. Weiterhin wird gezeigt, dass der CaMKIIδ KO die Expression von Phospholamban (PLB) und die Phosphorylierung von PLB an der Aminosäurestelle Serin 16 im Vergleich zum Wildtyp mehr als verdoppelt, ermittelt via Western-Immunoblotting. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, dass die Expression des β1 –Adrenorezeptors (AR) in Tieren mit homo- und heterozygotem CaMKIIδ KO im Vergleich zum Wildtyp signifikant erhöht ist. APC mit Desfluran hebt diese erhöhte β1 –AR Konzentrationen im homozygoten, aber nicht im heterozygoten KO auf. Dies zeigt, dass sich die β1 –AR Expression entsprechend der CaMKIIδ Verfügbarkeit adaptiert, dieser Effekt aber durch APC unterbunden werden kann.Anesthetic-induced preconditioning (APC) with desfluran mediates an endogenous protection against the ischemia/reperfusion injury in the animal model with male C57BL/6 mice. The Calcium-Calmodulinkinase IIδ (CamKIIδ) plays a key role in intracellular calcium metabolism and in ischemia/reperfusion injury. A result of the study shows that a reduction of myocardial infarction by desfluran-induced preconditioning is achieved in wildtyp mice, but not in mice with homocygous CaMKIIδ genetic knock-out (KO). Furthermore the expression of phospholamban (PLB) and phosphorylation of PLB at amino acid serine 16 in mice with CaMKIIδ KO is twice the level of wildtype mice measured by western-immunoblotting. Moreover the expression of β1 –adrenoreceptor (AR) is significantly higher in homo- and heterozygous mice than in wildtype mice. APC with desfluran eliminates the higher β1 –AR concentration in homocygous but not in heterocygous KO mice. This means that the β1 –AR expression depends on the CaMKIIδ availibility, this effect is cancelled by APC with desfluran

Transient IR hole burning on hydrogen-bonded liquids

Transient hole burning experiments on the OH bands of hydrogen bonded liquids (ethanol/ CCl4 mixtures, isotopically diluted ethanol and water) with picosecond pulses are reported and discussed. Vibrational hole burning in the Anti-Stokes Raman scattering from ethanokCCU is observed for the first time. Very short effective vibrational lifetimes ≤ 4 ps are found in each case; a time scale of a few picoseconds is found for thermalization of the relaxed excess energy

Observation of bubbles inside cryogenic liquids using capacitive multi-electrode sensors

The investigation of fluid phenomena is of high interest in the management of cryogenic liquid propellants used in heavy-lift launchers. In order to efficiently design orbital cryogenic propellant storage facilities or cryogenic propulsion systems experiments concerning fill-levels, bubble formations and boiling have to be conducted in microgravity and on earth. Thus measurement devices are needed that can give insight into the spatial distribution and the behavior of the fluids inside the cryogenic system. One possibility to observe liquids inside a given volume without intruding into the system and thereby disturbing the flow characteristics is to use a capacitive system with electrodes embedded into the walls of the vessel. In this paper experiments with such a system at cryogenic temperatures are presented. To simulate the behavior of rocket fuel in space a cryostat was filled with liquid nitrogen and by way of controlling the pressure inside or locally heating the liquid bubbles were created. Two capacitive measurement systems have been submerged into the cryogenic liquid to monitor the location and size of bubbles inside the liquid and to observe the state of the liquid/gas interface. One system consisted of a cylindrical polycarbonate ring with four embedded electrodes and a polycarbonate lid at the top carrying one ring-shaped electrode. Many small bubbles thus could be trapped and coalesced in this half closed cylinder (bubble trap) forming a big single gas volume. The other system was a polycarbonate ring with 16 electrodes arranged along its circumference. The task of these systems was to measure the filling level inside the cylindrical bubble trap and to detect and quantify rising bubbles inside the cryostat by measuring the mutual capacitances of selected electrode pairs. To interpret the measurement results, FEM simulation results were used to generate a characteristic curve for the relationship between filling level and measured capacitances. To validate the results, two cameras were mounted inside the cryostat which allowed the simultaneous recording of the filling level and the existence of bubbles and bubble streams. We observed a good agreement between measurement and simulation. Overall the suitability of the system for cryogenic applications has been successfully demonstrated

Das Verbundprojekt ARVIDA

The goal of the German government funded joint project ARVIDA was the application and user user oriented research, development and evaluation of future oriented technologies in the context of Virtual Technologies in conjunction with new and state-of-the-art methodologies of the Semantic Web, to achieve interoperability between hardware- and software systems of different kind under realtime considerations

ARVIDA-Technologien

This chapter especially deals with technologies in the context of ARVIDA which are more specific than those described in Chap. 2. One of the obstacles for the productive application of VT is the lack of robust markerless tracking systems. In this project essential improvements in markerless tracking as well as in the field of gesture recognition have been achieved. The measurement of geospatial data is one of the basic requirements for the application of digital car experience. Considerable progress was obtained in this research, too. All of the above mentioned technologies were supplied as ARVIDA services to realize simple interchangeability of different combinations of hard- and software