Map of the bootstrap ratios for the 161 genes, analyzed with DiCA, grouped per family and per class of neuronal function.

<p>In blue are represented genes with significant positive bootstrap ratios (<i>BT</i>>4.00) associated with the VSA ring and in red genes with significant negative bootstrap ratios (<i>BT</i><–4.00) associated with the PTF ring. For each family, extreme genes are identified. These genes are the most preferentially expressed in either VSA or PTF.</p

The 161 genes coding for proteins forming ionic channels or involved in neurotransmitter release.

<p>In the analysis of the genes the most differentially expressed on the cortex we found genes belonging to ionic channels and neurotransmitter release neuronal function classes. In particular these genes belong to six families of genes (KCN, SCN, CACN, SYT, CPLX, and VAMP). The members of these six families (when we take all the members for each family) sum up to a total of 161 genes. The table gives the number of genes per family and the number of genes per class.</p><p>The 161 genes coding for proteins forming ionic channels or involved in neurotransmitter release.</p

The two intertwined rings corresponding to different type of temporal processing.

<p>The VSA ring (in blue) corresponds to high fidelity evoked processing and the PTF ring (in red) corresponds to more spontaneous processing more independent of input action potentials timing (from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115913#pone.0115913-Mesmoudi1" target="_blank">[3]</a>). Cortical regions sampled by the Allen Institute for Brain Sciences (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115913#pone.0115913-Hawrylycz1" target="_blank">[7]</a>) are represented by spheres colored like their respective rings. Points in sulci are not visible.</p

Heatmap representing the correlations between the 938 genes used in DiCA.

<p>The correlation coefficients between genes were computed using all 394 regions. The genes are ordered according to their positions on the dimension extracted by DiCA. Red to magenta colors denote strong positive correlations whereas green denotes a strong negative correlation. The genes are clearly organized into two blocks that are related to the gene differential expression for the two rings.</p

Differential distribution of gene expression: CA analysis.

<p><b>a)</b> Dimensions 1 and 2 as extracted by a CA performed on the 394 regions and the 938 genes. The dots represent the factor scores for the regions; each dot is colored in red or blue depending on the represented region localization within (respectively) PTF or VSA. The eigenvalue of Dimension 1 (λ₁ = 4.59^–03) represents 29% of the total variance, The eigenvalue of Dimension 2 (λ₂ = 1.51^–03) represents 9% of the total variance. <b>b)</b> The localization of the cortical regions on the brain with PTF and VSA rings colored in, respectively, dark red and dark blue. Light red dots represent regions with significant negative factor scores (<i>BT</i><–2.00) whereas light blue dots represent regions with significant positive factor scores (<i>BT</i>>2.00).</p

DiCA analysis: regions factor scores histogram.

<p>We plot the histogram of the factor score values–obtained for the 394 regions by the DiCA analysis–as a function of the number of regions <i>a priori</i> assigned to the VSA (blue) or the PTF (red) ring.</p

Scatter plot of the gene factor scores of the discriminant dimension extracted by the DiCA analyses performed on the 161 genes measured on Specimens H0352001 (horizontal) and H0352002 of ABA.

<p>Each dot represents one of the 161 genes. The coefficient of correlation is equal to .90 (<i>r</i>² = .81, <i>p</i><.001).</p

Summary of the temporal properties of proteins that most differentiate between the two rings and their correspondence with the preferred information processing modes of the rings.

<p>Summary of the temporal properties of proteins that most differentiate between the two rings and their correspondence with the preferred information processing modes of the rings.</p

Experimental groups and sessions, the task and the automatic chunking procedure.

<p><b>A.</b> Control (light gray) and target (dark gray) sequences practiced by the two groups of subjects across training sessions. The numbers 1 to 4 correspond to four fingers of the left hand, from the little (1) to the index (4) finger. <b>B.</b> The task interface presenting the executing instructions, the block information and the type of feedback after each trial. <b>C.</b> Reaction time (RT) in a block for a given subject and the classification of trials into initial element of a chunk (red squares) and the body or core of the chunk (blue triangles) by our automatic clustering algorithm.</p

Areas more activated during initial than the subsequent elements of a sequential chunk (orange regions), as well as areas activated more during the core than initial chunk element (blue regions).

<p>The bar graphs show the percentage change in blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal in selected regions, for each group and type of trials. Blue stars indicate significant statistical differences (p<0.05 for one star and p<0.001 for two stars), whereas blue circles indicate no significant difference.</p