Performance of heifers during the generalization tests of the four experiments.

<p>Subjects recognized a familiar <i>Prim'Holstein</i> individual (experiment 1), an unfamiliar <i>Prim'Holstein</i> individual (experiment 2), an unfamiliar <i>Normande</i> individual (experiment 3) and an unfamiliar <i>Charolaise</i> individual (experiment 4). The minimum number of sessions to validate the criterion level (8/10 in two consecutive sessions) is indicated with a dotted line and the maximum number of sessions realized in an experiment (25 sessions) with a continuous line. One session corresponds to 10 consecutive trials. Along the x axis, subjects (Ind. 1 to Ind. 8) are sorted according to decreasing age (oldest to youngest).</p

Individual recognition of a familiar versus an unfamiliar conspecific.

<p>Number of sessions (Mean+SE) to reach the criterion level during the training and the generalization phases in experiments 1 (familiar <i>Prim'Holstein</i>) and 2 (unfamiliar <i>Prim'Holstein</i>) (N = 9, * = P<0.05).</p

Influence of categories of stimuli on the time subjects spent reach the gate from the back of the experimental room (Time to the Gate, TG).

<p>Influence of categories of stimuli on the time subjects spent reach the gate from the back of the experimental room (Time to the Gate, TG).</p

Individual recognition of a familiar <i>Prim'Holstein</i> cow.

<p>Example of the pairs of stimuli presented in consecutive trials of the generalization test. The stimulus rewarded is framed in red.</p

Individual recognition of an unfamiliar individual of the same <i>Prim'Holstein</i> breed and of other breeds.

<p>Number of sessions (Mean+S.E.) to reach the criterion level during the training and the generalization phases for the experiments 2 (<i>Prim'Holstein</i> breed), 3 (<i>Normande</i> breed) and 4 (<i>Charolaise</i> breed) (N = 9, * = P<0.05, ** = P<0.01).</p

Example of stimuli used in the experiment of the recognition of a familiar <i>Prim'Holstein</i> individual.

<p>Ten views represented the sample individuals (A) and ten views represented three other individuals (B). In training, a frontal view of a face (the first line of the figure) of the sample individual (A) had to be discriminated from a frontal view of an individual in the group (B). In generalization test, for each trial, an image of the sample individual (A) and an image of a cow from the group (B) were randomly selected and presented simultaneously. For the second experiment, individuals were unfamiliar <i>Prim'Holstein</i> cows, for the third experiment unfamiliar <i>Normande</i> cows and for the last experiment unfamiliar <i>Charolaise</i> cows.</p

Elongation classification and development success rates.

<p>Elongation classification and development success rates.</p

New biological outcomes of validated DEGs.

<p>A) <i>FN1</i> is restricted to the endoderm. <i>In situ</i> hybridisation in AI (a), IVP (b), and SCNT D18 EE tissues: Med (c), Low (d), High (e), using an anti-sense FN1 DIG-labelled riboprobe. (t) trophoblast, (e) endoderm. In the AI panel, f) shows c93/<i>SOLD1</i>, a trophoblast-specific control from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038309#pone.0038309-Degrelle1" target="_blank">[23]</a>. The sense probe gave a negative signal in all tissues (not shown). Despite differential expression levels in array and QPCR data, this gene is expressed in the same cells, regardless of conceptus origin. Only a small part of each conceptus is shown. Scale bar is 150 µm. B) Microvilli abnormalities in SCNT EE tissues at D18. In the SCNT groups where <i>MYO6</i> and <i>LHFPL2</i> were underexpressed (b, c), epithelial microvilli appeared shorter and/or fused. SEM images of the external face (extra-embryonic ectoderm or trophoblast) of D18 EE tissues from SCNT Low and Med conceptuses as compared to controls (AI in a). Magnifications: a) x 30000, b) x 35000, c) x 30000. C) <i>PLIN2</i> is expressed in the trophoblast of D18 EE tissues and absent from the yolk sac at D25 [the yolk sac is composed of endoderm (e) and mesoderm (m)]. It is also expressed in binucleated cells (BNC) from D63 bovine placentas. BNC are differentiated trophoblast cells, often considered as the anatomical equivalent of mouse giant cells. <i>In situ</i> hybridisations with an anti-sense PLIN2 DIG-labelled riboprobe on tissue cross-sections from D18 EET (a), D25 Yolk sac (b) and D63 placentas (c) developed after AI. The sense probe gave a negative signal in all tissues; data are not shown. Only a small part of each tissue is shown. Scale bar is 100 µm.</p

Differential clustering of differentiating tissues and somatic cells.

<p>Ranking of SCNTs and controls based on the EE profiles (A) or the E stages (B). Ranking of the fibroblasts (5538, 7711 and 0029) based on their molecular profiles and using the 500 most variant genes among them. The cell passages (p) more temporally proximate to biopsy (p2 to p3) versus nuclear transfer (p7 to 8) were compared. Each ranking series is represented by a dendrogram.</p

Molecular uncoupling of E and EE tissues in SCNT conceptuses.

<p>The gene set used to classify each conceptus includes six genes from the extra-embryonic tissues and has been described as an accurate predictor of embryonic stages in controls. A) Patterns resulting from AI: examples of a filamentous conceptus with a disc at stage 3 (Fil-N2) and a trophoblastic vesicle (TV) with an ablated disc since Day 15. B) Patterns resulting from SCNT: examples of tubular conceptuses with a delayed embryonic disc (stage 2) or no disc (Ab2).</p