Table_1_Two-stage hemoglobin prediction based on prior causality.docx

IntroductionPerioperative hemoglobin (Hb) levels can influence tissue metabolism. For clinical physicians, precise Hb concentration greatly contributes to intraoperative blood transfusion. The reduction in Hb during an operation weakens blood's oxygen-carrying capacity and poses threats to multiple systems and organs of the whole body. Patients can die from perioperative anemia. Thus, a timely and accurate non-invasive prediction for patients' Hb content is of enormous significance.MethodIn this study, targeted toward the palpebral conjunctiva images in perioperative patients, a non-invasive model for predicting Hb levels is constructed by means of deep neural semantic segmentation and a convolutional network based on a priori causal knowledge, then an automatic framework was proposed to predict the precise concentration value of Hb. Specifically, according to a priori causal knowledge, the palpebral region was positioned first, and patients' Hb concentration was subjected to regression prediction using a neural network. The model proposed in this study was experimented on using actual medical datasets.ResultsThe R2 of the model proposed can reach 0.512, the explained variance score can reach 0.535, and the mean absolute error is 1.521.DiscussionIn this study, we proposed to predict the accurate hemoglobin concentration and finally constructed a model using the deep learning method to predict eyelid Hb of perioperative patients based on the a priori casual knowledge.</p

General situation of investigated centers in China and situation of intraoperative fluid administration.

A, Heat map of the total number of completed kidney transplants and response rate from replied centers in each provinces in China in 2021. Green blocks correspond to the total number of completed cadaveric donor kidney transplants, while blue blocks correspond to the response rates from replied centers. B, Trend chart of the initial years of kidney transplantation. C, Investigation on the use of intraoperative artificial colloids. D, Investigation on the total dose of albumin during kidney transplantation. E, Investigation on the use of intraoperative crystalloids. CDT, cadaveric donor transplantations; AH, Anhui; BJ, Beijing; FJ, Fujian; GS, Gansu; GD, Guangdong; GX, Guangxi; GZ, Guizhou; HI, Hainan; HE, Hebei; HA, Henan; HL, Heilongjiang; HB, Hubei; HN, Hunan; JL, Jilin; JS, Jiangsu; JX, Jiangxi; LN, Liaoning; NM, Inner Mongoria IM; NX, Ningxia; QH, Qinghai; SD, Shandong; SX, Shanxi; SN, Shaanxi; SH, Shanghai; SC, Sichuan; TJ, Tianjing; XZ, Tibet; XJ, Xinjiang; YN, Yunnan; ZJ, Zhejiang; CQ, Chongqing.</p

Periperative monitoring and intraoperative fluid administration.

A, Preoperative cardiopulmonary function assessments. The column represents the number of hospitals, and the dot represents the percentage. B, Status of routine use of albumin. C, Investigation on the routinely use of invasive arterial monitor. D, The specific targeted value of intraoperative systolic blood pressure (mmHg) in renal transplant recipients after renal artery opening. E, Specific target of CVP range (cmH2O) after renal artery opening. F, CO monitoring methods employed during renal transplantation. ET, Exercise tolerance; ECG, electrocardiogram; EC, Echocardiography; PFT, Pulmonary function tests; CPET, cardiopulmonary exercise test; CAG, coronary angiogram; MPS, Myocardial perfusion scan; SBP, systolic blood pressure; CVP, central venous pressure; CO, cardiac output; PICCO, Pulse indicator Continuous Cardiac Output; TEE, transesophageal echocardiography. (TIF)</p

Intraoperative hemodynamic management and postoperative administration.

A, Most commonly used vasoactive drugs. B, The routinely use of furosemide, Mannitol and Glucocorticoids. C, The limit value of Hemoglobin for starting the transfusion. D, The postoperative destination of renal transplant recipients. E, The main methods of postoperative analgesia after kidney transplantation. F, The most commonly used intravenous analgesics in PCIA. PCIA, patient-controlled intravenous analgesia; PCEA, patient controlled epidural analgesia; TAP, Transversus Abdominis Plane block; PVB, paravertebral block; QLB, lumbar quadratus muscle block; LIA, local infiltration anesthesia; ICU, intensive care unit. (TIF)</p

Intravenous anesthetics during the induction and maintenance of anesthesia.

Intravenous anesthetics during the induction and maintenance of anesthesia.</p

Information of replied centers and official centers divided by province in 2021.

Information of replied centers and official centers divided by province in 2021.</p

Translation of this questionnaire with containing 44 questions.

Translation of this questionnaire with containing 44 questions.</p