ガン ヨボウ ノ タメ ノ エイヨウ ト シンタイ カツドウ

Cancer is one of life-style related diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and environment as well as genetic factor cooperatively contribute to promotion and progression of cancer. Therefore, cancer is a preventable disease. For the prevention, it is important to understand the mechanism how these factors can promote cancer, to explore the extent to which factors can modify the risk of cancer, and to specify which factors are most important. World Cancer Research Fund and National Institute for Cancer Research conducted systematic reviews of all the relevant research, and judged evidences and have presented the public health goals and personal recommendations published as the second expert report in ２００７. In Japan, a nation-wide research team, which is supported by Health Labour Sciences Research Grant, has conducted to explore the life-style related factors associated with cancer risk in Japanese. Continuous research on this field will enable the prevention of cancer in near future

Application of cloud particle sensor sondes for estimating the number concentration of cloud water droplets and liquid water content: case studies in the Arctic region

A cloud particle sensor (CPS) sonde is an observing system attached with a radiosonde sensor to observe the vertical structure of cloud properties. The signals obtained from CPS sondes are related to the phase, size, and number of cloud particles. The system offers economic advantages including human resource and simple operation costs compared with aircraft measurements and land-/satellite-based remote sensing. However, the observed information should be appropriately corrected because of several uncertainties. Here we made field experiments in the Arctic region by launching approximately 40 CPS sondes between 2018 and 2020. Using these data sets, a better practical correction method was proposed to exclude unreliable data, estimate the effective cloud water droplet radius, and determine a correction factor for the total cloud particle count. We apply this method to data obtained in October 2019 over the Arctic Ocean and March 2020 at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway, to compare with a particle counter aboard a tethered balloon and liquid water content retrieved by a microwave radiometer. The estimated total particle count and liquid water content from the CPS sondes generally agree with those data. Although further development and validation of CPS sondes based on dedicated laboratory experiments would be required, the practical correction approach proposed here would offer better advantages in retrieving quantitative information on the vertical distribution of cloud microphysics under the condition of a lower number concentration

高齢脳卒中リハビリテーション患者におけるMini Nutritional Assessment Short-FormとGeriatric Nutritional Risk Indexの併存的および予測的妥当性

Background: Malnutrition might worsen the clinical outcomes in stroke patients, although few nutritional screening tools have assessed their validity. Methods: We assessed clinical data of consecutive stroke patients aged ≥65 years in rehabilitation hospital from 2015 to 2017 using the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form (MNA-SF) and the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) for index testing. The European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition diagnostic criteria for malnutrition (ESPEN-DCM) was used as a reference standard. The receiver-operating characteristics curve was illustrated by the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp). The Youden index was used to define the cut-off value for malnutrition detection or screening. The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and discharge destination were compared for verifying predictive validity. Results: We enrolled 420 patients for the analysis. Of them, 125 patients were included in malnutrition group (mean age: 80 years) and 295 in non-malnutrition group (mean age: 77 years) by the ESPEN-DCM. The area under the curve of the MNA-SF and the GNRI were 0.890 and 0.865, respectively. Se and Sp cut-off values to detect or screen malnutrition were 5 (Se: 0.78; Sp: 0.85) and 7 (Se: 0.96; Sp: 0.57) for the MNA-SF and 92 (Se: 0.74; Sp: 0.84) and 98 (Se: 0.93; Sp: 0.50) for the GNRI, respectively. The GNRI were associated with discharge destination, whereas no correlation was observed between the MNA-SF and outcomes by multivariable analysis. Conclusions: The MNA-SF and GNRI have fair concurrent validity if appropriate cut-off values were used. The GNRI exhibits good predictive validity in stroke patients

コウリン ケッショウ ト シン ケッカン シッカン

Hyperphosphatemia has been known as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease particularly inchronic kidney disease patients. Hyperphosphatemia can be involved in the calcification of vascularsmooth muscle cells, resulting in M¨onkeberg medial calcific sclerosis which is a type of arteriosclerosis.However, it has not been clarified whether hyperphosphatemia can deteriorate endothelialfunction and can be a risk factor of atherosclerosis. Our recent study demonstrated that hyperphosphatemiaincreased oxidative stress and decreased nitric oxide production in endothelial cells.In addition, hyperphosphatemia attenuated endothelium-dependent vasodilation reaction. Theseobservations suggest that hyperphosphatemia may cause endothelial dysfunction, and be an importantfactor for progression of atherosclerosis as well as vascular calcification. Positive associationbetween hyperphosphatemia and cardiovascular disease may be explained by the dual harmfuleffects of phosphorus on the vessels

ナトリウム イゾンセイ リンサン トランスポーター IIa ガタ NaPi-IIa ノ フクコウジョウセン ホルモン PHT ニヨル チョウセツ キコウ

Parathyroid hormone （PTH） is the most potent and important regulator of the type II a sodium-dependent phosphate transporter （NaPi-IIa）, which plays a key role in renal phosphate reabsorption and maintaining inorganic phosphate homeostasis. PTH inhibits the NaPi-IIa activity by stimulation of translocation from the apical plasma membrane to the intracellular organelle. In this paper, we investigated the mechanism of the translo-cation of NaPi-IIa from the apical plasma membrane by cell fractionation analysis using OK-N２ cells that stably express human NaPi-IIa established from opossum kidney cells （OK-P cells）. NaPi-IIa was mostly localized in the caveolae-like membrane domains of the plasma membrane in OK-N２ cells We also clarified that PTH activated both PKA and PKC, and these kinases markedly increased the phosphorylation of their ８０kDa and ２５０kDa substrates on the caveolae-like membrane domains ; we identified ezrin as a candidate protein for the ８０kDa substrate. We conclude that caveolae-like membrane domains play an important role in the targeting, translocation, and signal compartmentalization for the translocational regulation of NaPi-IIa in renal proximal tubular cells

ウツビョウ ト エイヨウ

Severe and prolonged stress exposure impairs homeostatic mechanisms, particularly associated with the onset of depressive illness. Brain food is aimed at preventing as well as treating a growing number of depression. An increase in brain tryptophan levels on the order of that produced by eating a carbohydrate-rich／protein-poor meal causes parallel increases in the amounts of serotonin released into synapses. Dietary antioxidants present in fruits and vegetables may also improve mood. Furthermore, lifestyle of breakfast, lunch and dinner with family or friends is a very important factor to reduce depression

Isorhamnetin activates lysosomes in J774.1 macrophages.

Lysosome is the principal organelle for the ultimate degradation of cellular macromolecules, which are delivered through endocytosis, phagocytosis and autophagy. The lysosomal functions have been found to be impaired by fatty foods and aging, and more importantly, the lysosomal dysfunction in macrophages has been reported as a risk of atherosclerosis development. In this study, we searched for dietary polyphenols which possess the activity for enhancing the lysosomal degradation in J774.1, a murine macrophage-like cell line. Screening test utilizing DQ-BSA digestion identified isorhamnetin (3’-O-methylquercetin) as an active compound. Interestingly, structural comparison to inactive flavonols revealed that the chemical structure of the B-ring moiety in isorhamnetin is the primary determinant of its lysosome-enhancing activity. Unexpectedly isorhamnetin failed to inhibit mTORC1-TFEB signaling, a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and function. Our data suggested that the other molecular mechanism might be critical for the regulation of lysosomes in macrophages