Waste Characterızatıon of Karaman Provınce and Determınatıon and Comparıson of Indıvıduals' Waste Approaches

The most basic building block of solid waste management is to determine the amount of waste generated by individuals in a day. As it can be understood from here, the most important issue in solid waste management is individuals. Therefore, all kinds of waste management studies should be based on the individual. In our study, a questionnaire was applied to 1 263 people residing in Karaman. In addition, according to income levels, 5 pilot regions were determined and characterization studies were carried out in different time periods. Of the wastes generated as a result of characterization, 45.08% of kitchen wastes, 3.41% of park and garden wastes and 30.36% of recyclable wastes. Only 18.6% of the recyclable waste potential is collected with the existing system. Within the framework of the survey, the rate of those who collect recyclable waste separately is 21%. In addition, it is understood from the survey study that individuals do not know what type of waste is produced in their homes. In this framework, waste collection and evaluation suggestions were presented by determining the waste potentials with the characterization study and the individual attitudes with the survey study

Mapping the Dispersion Pollution Load of Animal Waste and Investigating its Environmental Effects: The Case of Karaman

Animal wastes are not stored correctly and are used haphazardly without control in agricultural lands. As a result, it causes many irreparable environmental pollution, especially water pollution. These wastes, which are described as diffuse pollution, cause pollution of both underground and surface water resources directly or indirectly and even make them unusable. In this research, waste generation as a result of animal breeding in Karaman province, its districts, neighborhoods and villages and the effects of animal wastes on environmental pollution were evaluated with distributed pollutant load calculations. In the study, the number of 1019277 ovine and 81368 bovine in Karaman in 2022 was used. The total nitrogen (TN) produced annually by the animals has been calculated as 1,723.23 tons/year, and the total phosphorus (TP) amount is determined as 124.23 tons/year. Additionally, for large ruminant animals, the annual total amount of dry manure is 130,305.77 tons, and for small ruminant animals, it is 41,984.27 tons. To prevent environmental pollution, these wastes should be stored in closed areas in compliance with standards, and processes such as composting, drying, and biogas production should be applied. By doing so, not only can environmental pollution be mitigated but also economic value can be obtained. The proper management and utilization of these wastes have high economic potential and can contribute to sustainable development, supporting the country’s economy. In addition, this study is a source for researchers working in the field in calculating the pollution load of animal wastes and is thought to be a guide for decision makers and practitioners

Decolorization of dye reactive blue 114 with fenton process

Bu çalışmada ticari olarak önemli olan C.I. Reaktif Mavi 114 antrakinonik boyanın renk giderimi Fenton prosesleri ile araştırıldı. Fe2+:H2O2, reaksiyon süresi, pH değeri ve sıcaklık gibi parametrelerin çalışmada ki etkileri incelendi. Maksimum renk giderim verimi (%86) pH 3, reaksiyon süresi 20 dakika ve Fe2+:H2O2 oranı 0,1 iken gerçekleşti. RB114 renk giderim kinetikleri yalancı ikinci derece kinetik olarak bulundu. Sıcaklık artışı hız sabitlerinin artmasına ve buna karşılık gelen yarı ömürlerin de azalmasına neden oldu. Tez de ayrıca Gibbs serbest enerji değerlerinin değişiklikleri ve Fenton tarafından RB114 ve renk giderimi için aktivasyon enerjisi de dahil olmak üzere termodinamik parametreleri tartışıldı ve oksidasyon sürecinin doğal koşullarda kendiliğinden olduğunu gösterildi.The effects of operating parameters, such as Fe2+:H2O2 ratio, pH value, reaction time and temperature were examined. Maximum decolorization (86 %) efficiencies were achieved at the Fe2+:H2O2 ratio of 0.1 and pH 3 for 20 minutes reaction time. The decolorization kinetic of RB114 followed pseudo-second-order reaction kinetic. The increase of temperature caused decreasing of obtained rate constants and increasing of corresponding half-lives. The paper also discussed thermodynamic parameters including changes in Gibbs free energy, and activation energy for the decolorization of RB114 by Fenton and exposed that the oxidation process was spontaneous under natural conditions

Investigation of the effects of pyrolytic products made from used tires on the properties of rubber blends

Atık yönetimine yeni bir bakış açısı getiren sıfır atık prensibi ile atıklar kaynağında sınıflandırılması ve sınıflandırılan her bir atık grubunun ise ayrı bir şekilde değerlendirilmesi ve optimizasyonu yapılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Karaman'da yaşayan 1263 kişiye anket çalışması uygulanmıştır. Karaman'daki halihazır durum tespit edilerek karekterizasyon çalışması ile İlde oluşan atıklar 5 pilot bölgede incelenmiş ve bertaraf dışında değerlendirilebilecek atık potansiyelleri ve değerlendirme önerileri sunulmuştur. Ayrıca atık toplama ve taşıma işlemlerinin 5 pilot bölge için optimizasyonu yapılmıştır. Karaman'da yıllık 68270 ton kentsel katı atık oluşmaktadır. Bunun %45,08'ini mutfak atıkları, %3,41'ini park ve bahçe atıkları ve %30,36'sını da geri dönüşebilir atıklar oluşturmaktadır. Toplanan ambalaj atığı miktarının geri dönüşebilir atık miktarına oranı ise %18,6'dır. 1263 kişiye yapılan anket çalışması çerçevesinde geri dönüşebilir atıkları ayrı biriktiriyorum diyenlerin oranı %21'dir. Anket çalışmasında evinizde hangi tür atıklar çıkıyor sorusuna(birden fazla işaretleme yapılabilir) katılımcıların %93'ü organik atıklar, %51'i geri dönüşebilir atıklar ve %23'ü bitkisel atık yağlar cevabını vermişlerdir. Bu çerçevede bakıldığında atık üreticilerinin oluşturdukları atıkların türlerini tam manası ile bilmedikleri görülmektedir. Karaman'da yapılan güzergâh optimizasyon çalışmaları göstermiştir ki 5 pilot bölge de ortalama 17km, 50dk ve 8L yakıt tasarrufu sağlayarak ortalama %32'lik bir optimizasyon gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar ışığında toplama ve taşıma işlemlerinde hem ekonomik açıdan hem zamansal açıdan hemde karbon ayak izi bakımından %32'lik bir kazanım elde edilmesi öngörülmüştür.With the zero waste principle, which brings a new perspective to waste management, wastes can be classified at their source and each classified waste group can be separately evaluated and optimized. In this study, a questionnaire was applied to 1263 people living in Karaman. The current situation in Karaman was determined and the wastes generated in the province were examined in 5 pilot regions with the characterization study, and waste potentials that could be evaluated other than disposal and evaluation suggestions were presented. In addition, the collection and transportation processes were optimized for 5 pilot regions. In Karaman, 68270 tons of urban solid waste is generated annually. Of this, 45,08% is kitchen waste, 3,41% is park and garden waste, and 30,36% is recyclable waste. The ratio of the amount of collected packaging waste to the amount of recyclable waste is 18,6%. Within the framework of the survey conducted with 1263 people, the rate of those who say that they collect recyclable waste separately is 21%. In the survey study, to the question what kind of waste is produced in your home (more than one marking can be made), 93% of the participants answered organic waste, 51% recyclable waste and 23% vegetable waste oil. In this context, it is seen that waste producers do not know the types of waste they create. Route optimization studies carried out in Karaman showed that an average of 32% optimization was achieved by saving 17 km, 50 minutes and 8L of fuel in 5 pilot regions on average. In the light of these results, it is predicted that a 32% gain will be achieved in terms of both economic and temporal aspects and carbon footprint in the collection and transportation processes

Alternative Energy Sources in Turkey for Sustainable Development

This study is focused on the potential alterative and renewable energy sources for Turkey. A lot of alternative energy sources present in the world as well as in Turkey including hydro, solar, wind, geothermal and biomass energy. However, we can use a few amount of this sources although they can meets of world’s energy need on a large scale. Alternative energy usage has also potential to decrease CO2 emission which is responsible of global warming. Low productivity, high investment and operational cost of these methods minimize their application in a wide range. Therefore, many studies have been carried out to decline the costs and to improve the efficiency of these systems

Decolorization of antraquinonic dye, Reactive Blue 114 from synthetic wastewater by Fenton process: Kinetics and thermodynamics

Karataş, Mustafa Argun, Yusuf Alparslan (Aksaray, Yazar)In this work, the decolorization of C.I. Reactive Blue 114 (RB114), a commercially important anthraquinonic dye, by Fenton processes was investigated. The effects of operating parameters, such as Fe 2+:H 2O 2 ratio, pH value, reaction time and temperature were examined. Maximum decolorization (86%) efficiencies were achieved at the Fe 2+:H 2O 2 ratio of 0.1 and pH 3 for 20min reaction time. The decolorization kinetic of RB114 followed pseudo-second-order reaction kinetic. The paper also discussed thermodynamic parameters including changes in Gibbs free energy, and activation energy for the decolorization of RB114 by Fenton and exposed that the oxidation process was spontaneous under natural conditions

INDOOR AIR QUALITY OF SOME SOCIAL AREAS IN KONYA CITY CENTER, TURKEY

Indoor activities, building characteristics and outdoor climatic conditions have all affected indoor environment air quality. Some peoples, especially young and unemployed persons spend on about 90 % of their times indoor environment. Indoor air quality has direct effect on human health. One of the most important parameter for indoor air quality is particulate matter (PM2.5). Therefore, determination of personal exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) in these areas especially in café is predicted to be key role. Long exposure to particulate matters may lead to numerous diseases. In this study, particulate matter was determined in different social areas at the morning and evening for 30-sec. intervals during 15 minutes. Study area is heavily urbanized by a lot of buildings and also surrounded by roads with intensive traffic circulation. It was concluded from this study that some parameters such as ventilation, people circulation, ceiling height, construction shape and floor level have affected the measured concentration of particulate matter. The analyses have evaluated by personal Particle Meter equipment. Different conditions of the cafes for the PM values are also evaluated. Maximum and minimum PM2.5 concentrations were obtained as 3.485 µg/m3 for a Hubble-Bubble Cafe and 23 µg/m3 for a Book Store. Numbers of obtained data were found to be higher than the EPA’s standards for indoor environment. EPA established that PM concentration should be lower than 20 mg/m3 for indoors. Turkey has only outdoor air quality limitations for PM10 which is about 150 µg/m3 for long exposure and 300 µg/m3 for short exposur

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HISTORIC-CULTURAL STRUCTURES

Historical and cultural values are the common heritage of humanity. Bearing a great importance for the humanity, these structures are considered as a means that provide a national or regional identity formation and that also function as a bridge between the past and the future. For this reason, they should be kept safe from the irreversible impacts of the present time as much as possible. There has been a considerable increase in environmental pollution as a result of the developments that took place after the industrial evolution. This increase that occured in environmental pollution should not only be conisdered as the distortion of natural environment, the fact that this pollution gives harm to historic-cultural structures on the other hand should also be taken into account. Sure enough, as they are a part of the environment, these structures are seriously affected by the pollutions like all other natural environment components. The atmospherical chemical conversion procedures of air contaminants cause accumulation in historic structures and especially in stone structures and dramatically change the original historic fabric of these structures. On the other hand, the fact that historic-cultural values that have been constructed by humanity in some certain regions during the thousands of years of civilization history start to go out of existence will decrease the connection as well as the sense of belonging between the societies and thus these societies will start to lose their original regional identities as days pass. In this study, the negative impacts of air pollution that shows parallelism with the increase of population on historic-cultural values were revealed, the contaminative emissions that cause these impacts were analyzed by taking their atmospherical conversions into consideration and the necessary precautions to preserve these structures were presented

NEGATIVE EFFECT OF E-WASTE ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND RECYCLING

Today, the production of electrical and electronic equipment is one of the industries which have growth power giddily. The electronic waste has become the fastest growing waste in the world due to constant improving electronic industry and increasing consumption trend. Electronic waste (e-waste) can pollute the environment and threaten human health because of their toxic substances content. Electronic waste contain environmentally harmful organic (Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, etc.) and inorganic (Pb, Sb, Hg, Cd, Ni, etc.) substance. Because of these substances they have adverse effects on human and environmental health. On the other hand e-waste have greatly precious metal (Cu, Ag, Au, Pd, etc.) content. If recycling processes applied to them, both adverse effects on the environment and human health will be reduced and it will be contributed to the national economy by protection of precious metal resources. In this study, it has been demonstrated Turkey’s e-waste potential, contents and effects of environmental health, providing benefits by recycling contained precious metals and economic impacts

New Chernobyl? Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant

Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant (Armenian Nuclear Power Plant-ANPP) in Metsamor, Armenia, is 30 km away from Igdir, located at the east of Turkey, and is a facility that meets the majority of Armenia's energy needs. The Armenian NPP consists of two power units with WWER-440/270 reactors. The Unit 1 was put into operation on December 22, 1976 and the Unit 2 was put into operation on January 5, 1980. The installed power of the units is 407,5 MW(e). In 1989 the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Ministers Council made a decision on the shutdown of the Armenian NPP. The Unit 1 and the Unit 2 were shut down on February 25, 1989 and March 18, 1989, correspondingly. After the collapse of the USSR the following events resulted in severe energy crisis in Armenia. On April 7, 1993 the Government of Armenia made a decision on restart of the Unit 2. On November 5, 1995 the ANPP Unit 2 was restarted, after 6,5 years of shutdown. With restart of the Armenian NPP after severe energy crisis Armenia moved on to day-and-night power supply schedule. In this study it has given information about the history and operation of Armenian NPP and demonstrated the factors that led to shotdown of the plant for a period and the arised risks resulting from reopening it. In addition, it has presented recommendations about foundation and safe operation of nuclear power plants by the basis of Metsamor reference