Nanocellulose as a vehicle for drug delivery and efficiency of anticancer activity: a short-review

With the high demand of using nanotechnology, nanocellulose has become popular for different biomedical and anticancer applications. Cellulose, a nature gifted material and the most abundant organic polymer on earth, is systematically reviewed. Details of the mechanical and chemical structure of nanocellulose are explained, starting with preparation methods along with physiochemical properties and pH gradient to incorporate innovative polymeric drug delivery vehicles in anticancer applications. A myriad of research fields has introduced nanocellulose as an intriguing candidate for anticancer drug excipient and carrier in modern cancer therapy. Albeit, innovative nanocellulose-based drug carrier systems will be complicated for their commercial use in pharmacies. Of this, it is required to understand the preparation, properties, and potential drug conjugation of nanocellulose to improve its interactions with human tissues

Preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles and its cancer treatment effects: a review paper

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are one of the prominent metal oxide nanoparticles with significant applications in cancer treatment. Various methods of synthesis have been adopted in the production of ZnO NPs to meet its high demand. The environmental implications and economic challenges attached to most of the means of ZnO NPs synthesis have resulted in the quest for other alternatives with environmental and economic benefits. Recently in nanotechnology research, synthesis of nanoparticle from green chemistry pathways has been preferred due to its natural biological reduction property which reduces the utilization and exposure of toxic chemical to the environment when compare to physical and chemical methods. Among the different inorganic nanoparticles, ZnO NPs attracts more attention due to its, large bandwidth, high excitation binding energy, simplicity, easy fabrication, bio-safe, non-toxic, biocompatible, eco and environmental friendly. Zinc oxide nanoparticle is readily soluble in biological fluids and tends to aggregate easily under different physiological condition. But physicochemical properties of the nanoparticle have an impact in the bioavailability. This review described the summary of the recent advances in the synthesis, characterization techniques, and applications of biosynthesized ZnO NPS in cancer treatment

Bio-mediated production and characterisation of magnetic nanoparticles using fruit peel extract

The overwhelming request for nanodevices and heat flow developments has led to consider magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a new dawn to the sophisticated nanotechnology in a sustainable manner. This research presented a facile production of Fe3O4 nanoparticles using co-precipitation method and the extract of Garcinia Mangostana fruit peel waste as a green stabilizer and capping agent. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) planes of the synthesized nanoparticles showed the formation of magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles with good crystallinity. Based on the image of field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), the diameter of the nanoparticles was estimated to be 69.14±2.87 nm as was coated by the extract. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles presented an acceptable magnetization value of 51.17 emu/g. From the analysis of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the phenolic compounds and other functional groups of the extract had interactions with the Fe ions to successfully synthesize the nanoparticles. The green synthesized Fe3O4 nanofluids showed small hydrodynamic size of 145.80±3.14 and high zeta potential value of -30.5±1.82 mV. This study, thus, showed that the extract of Garcinia Mangostana fruit peel waste can serve as a bio-stabilizer and capping agent to enhance physiochemical properties and colloidal stability of the Fe3O4 nanofluids with an environmentally-friendly manner and low cost for modern applications

Facile fabrication of polysaccharide nanocomposites using ionic gelation method

Polysaccharide-based nanomaterials with significant biocompatibility and physiochemical features have been widely analyzed in modern biomedical nanotechnology. Chitosan-coating is an advantageous procedure to provide several pharmacological characteristics of chitosan on the reinforcement. Here, we fabricated polysaccharide nanocomposites using the facile ionic gelation method and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) cross-linker. The polysaccharide nanocomposites comprised natural cellulose and chitosan as reinforcement and coating agents, respectively. From the image of the scanning electron microscope, the nanocomposites indicated almost spherical dimensions with sizes below 60 nm. Results from X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed multifunctional properties of the nanocomposites related to both cellulose and chitosan. Therefore, the ionic gelation method is potentially appropriate to synthesize the polysaccharide nanocomposites for medically-related applications

Green route for the fabrication of ZnO nanoparticles and potential functionalization with Chitosan using cross-linkers: a review

Zinc oxide is of significant importance for many industries due to its versatile properties, which have been enhanced with the production of this material in the nanoscale. Recent interest in the preparation of metal oxide nanoparticles using biological approaches has been reported in the literature. This technique known as “green synthesis” is an environmentally benign process than conventional methods like physical and chemical synthesis methods. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have been successfully obtained by green synthesis using different biological substrates like chitosan. Chitosan is biocompatible, biodegradable polymer having exclusive physical and chemical properties. Chitosan/metal oxide nanocomposite is a promising nanomaterial with enhanced properties for multiple functionalities. Therefore, this review discusses favorable approach in the formation of cross-linked Chitosan/ZnO nanocomposites attracting significant attention in various fields such biomedical due to their unique biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic nature. The use of biological sources, fabrication of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles and its applications is briefly discussed. Overall, this review is a comprehensive study for the synthesis of ZnO-NPs using biological sources counting on their features and applications

Analysis on physiochemical properties of cellulose fiber from rice straw waste

Green biobased polymeric membranes are being increasingly studied for different applications. In this study, freeze dried cellulose fiber with 35% yield was isolated from rice straw. The cellulose fiber was obtained through bleaching and delignification of the rice straw waste using soxhlet instrument and facile method of alkali treatment, respectively. The cellulose fiber was analysed through X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential analyzer and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Compared to the straw, all physicochemical properties of treated cellulose fiber increased with zeta potential up to-33.61 mV. FTIR revealed that the treatments on the straw was successful to obtain cellulose fiber with high purity. In addition, the morphological study illustrated cellulose fiber with organized structure

Physico-mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) biocomposites reinforced with cow dung

The aim of this work is to investigate the reinforcing effects of cow dung (CD) on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) properties. The PLA/CD biocomposite blends with different CD ratios (0–50 wt.%) were prepared using an internal Brabender mixer followed by compression molding. The results showed an enhancement in flexural properties and an acceptable drop in tensile and impact strength with increasing CD loading. Incorporation of CD also led to an overall decline in thermal stability of the biocomposites. However, an improvement in dynamic mechanical properties of the biocomposites was recorded. For PLA based biocomposites, above Tg (60–65 °C), a difference in the dynamic modulus becomes more pronounced as the polymer shifts from glassy to rubbery state. SEM micrographs displayed an increase in the voids and surface roughness of biocomposites with increasing CD content. It was demonstrated that high strength, high modulus PLA/CD biocomposites can be fabricated with effective stress transfer even at 50 wt.% CD loading

Green synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles stabilized by a Garcinia mangostana fruit peel extract for hyperthermia and anticancer activities

Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) with multiple functionalities are intriguing candidates for various biomedical applications. Materials and Methods: This study introduced a simple and green synthesis of Fe3O4 NPs using a low-cost stabilizer of plant waste extract rich in polyphenols content with a well-known antioxidant property as well as anticancer ability to eliminate colon cancer cells. Herein, Fe3O4 NPs were fabricated via a facile co-precipitation method using the crude extract of Garcinia mangostana fruit peel as a green stabilizer at different weight percentages (1, 2, 5, and 10 wt.%). The samples were analyzed for magnetic hyperthermia and then in vitro cytotoxicity assay was performed. Results: The XRD planes of the samples were corresponding to the standard magnetite Fe3O4 with high crystallinity. From TEM analysis, the green synthesized NPs were spherical with an average size of 13.42±1.58 nm and displayed diffraction rings of the Fe3O4 phase, which was in good agreement with the obtained XRD results. FESEM images showed that the extract covered the surface of the Fe3O4 NPs well. The magnetization values for the magnetite samples were ranging from 49.80 emu/g to 69.42 emu/g. FTIR analysis verified the functional groups of the extract compounds and their interactions with the NPs. Based on DLS results, the hydrodynamic sizes of the Fe3O4 nanofluids were below 177 nm. Furthermore, the nanofluids indicated the zeta potential values up to −34.92±1.26 mV and remained stable during four weeks of storage, showing that the extract favorably improved the colloidal stability of the Fe3O4 NPs. In the hyperthermia experiment, the magnetic nanofluids showed the acceptable specific absorption rate (SAR) values and thermosensitive performances under exposure of various alternating magnetic fields. From results of in vitro cytotoxicity assay, the killing effects of the synthesized samples against HCT116 colon cancer cells were mostly higher compared to those against CCD112 colon normal cells. Remarkably, the Fe3O4 NPs containing 10 wt.% of the extract showed a lower IC50 value (99.80 μg/mL) in HCT116 colon cancer cell line than in CCD112 colon normal cell line (140.80 μg/mL). Discussion: This research, therefore, introduced a new stabilizer of Garcinia mangostana fruit peel extract for the biosynthesis of Fe3O4 NPs with desirable physiochemical properties for potential magnetic hyperthermia and colon cancer treatment

5-Fluorouracil encapsulated chitosan-cellulose fiber bionanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization and in vitro analysis towards colorectal cancer cells

Cellulose and chitosan with remarkable biocompatibility and sophisticated physiochemical characteristics can be a new dawn to the advanced drug nano-carriers in cancer treatment. This study aims to synthesize layer-by-layer bionanocomposites from chitosan and rice straw cellulose encapsulated 5-Fluorouracil (CS-CF/5FU BNCs) using the ionic gelation method and the sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) cross-linker. Data from X-ray and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed successful preparation of CS-CF/5FU BNCs. Based on images of scanning electron microscopy, 48.73 ± 1.52 nm was estimated for an average size of the bionanocomposites as spherical chitosan nanoparticles mostly coated rod-shaped cellulose reinforcement. 5-Fluorouracil indicated an increase in thermal stability after its encapsulation in the bionanocomposites. The drug encapsulation efficiency was found to be 86 ± 2.75%. CS-CF/5FU BNCs triggered higher drug release in a media simulating the colorectal fluid with pH 7.4 (76.82 ± 1.29%) than the gastric fluid with pH 1.2 (42.37 ± 0.43%). In in vitro cytotoxicity assays, cellulose fibers, chitosan nanoparticles and the bionanocomposites indicated biocompatibility towards CCD112 normal cells. Most promisingly, CS-CF/5FU BNCs at 250 µg/mL concentration eliminated 56.42 ± 0.41% of HCT116 cancer cells and only 8.16 ± 2.11% of CCD112 normal cells. Therefore, this study demonstrates that CS-CF/5FU BNCs can be considered as an eco-friendly and innovative nanodrug candidate for potential colorectal cancer treatment