European Union migration policy

The President of the Nobel Committee Thorbjoern Jagland when awarding the Nobel Peace Prize to the European Union in October 2012 said, "the European Union has contributed to peace, reconciliation, democracy and human rights". The award recognised the EU's contribution to human rights. Eight years later, the EU faces an existential crisis, a crisis of its values. Since 2015, the European continent has been facing a significant influx of migrants; a "migration crisis". © 2020 Rossiiskaya Akademiya Nauk, Institut Istorii (Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of General Hist. All rights reserved

The foreign policy of Iran in the Middle East and the American strategy of “system containment”

In article features of forming and implementation of foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) in the Middle East (Iraq, the Syria-Lebanese-Palestinian zone, Egypt, Gulf States and Yemen) in the conditions of transformation of forms and methods of implementation of Washington’s strategy of “system containment” of the IRI are analyzed. Special attention is paid to identification of potential of IRI as one of leaders of the Middle East region. The main stages, the directions and implementation methods of strategy of “system containment” of the IRI as triangle complex of political, economic and military measures, performed by the USA and their allies for rendering multilateral pressure upon Tehran in order to change its foreign policy and the State power in the country, are shown. Change of a foreign policy line and approaches of Tehran to the solution of regional problems is considered in the context of escalation of pressure upon Iran from the USA and the states of the West. It is analyzed what forms and methods of the foreign policy and foreign economic activity implementation were used by Iran in the situation of increased political and economic risks, connected with toughening of the international and unilateral sanctions. In the conclusion, efficiency evaluations of Middle Eastern dimension of the Iranian foreign policy during the considered period are given and the tendencies of development of the situation around the IRI, that allow us to make the forecast for the medium term, are allocated

Edwardzetes elongatus Wallwork 1966

Edwardzetes elongatus Wallwork, 1966 (Figures 1–23) Measurements. Body length: 830–1029 (three specimens: one female and two males); notogastral width (without pteromorphs): 398–498 (three specimens). Integument. Body color light brown to dark brown. Body surface smooth, but prodorsum indistinctly punctate. Prodorsum. Rostrum widely rounded. Lamellae shorter than half of prodorsum. Lamellar cusps without teeth. Translamella absent. Rostral (ro, 90–102), lamellar (le, 151–164) and interlamellar (in, 176– 205) setae simple, slightly barbed. Bothridial setae (ss, 40–48) clavate, with short stalk (12–20) and oval, rounded distally, indistinctly barbed head (28). Tutoria (tu) sable-like, long, curving downward, pointed. Exobothridial setae (ex, 41) thin, slightly barbed. Notogaster. Anterior margin convex. Pteromorphs broadly rounded laterally. Dorsophragmata (D) of medium size, connected medially. Four pairs of oval porose areas present, with distinct borders: Aa (28–32 × 20–22) little larger than A1, A2 and A3 (16–24 × 12–16). Ten pairs of notogastral setae setiform, with short attenuate tips, thin, smooth; p 1 – p 3 (45–49) shorter than other seven pairs (65–69). Lyrifissures ia, im, ip, ih and ips distinct. Opisthonotal gland openings (gla) located laterally to A1. Gnathosoma. Subcapitulum longer than wide (233–246 × 172–180). Subcapitular setae setiform, slightly barbed; a (36–41) shorter than h and m (both 53–57). Adoral setae and their alveoli absent. Palps (147) with setation 0–2–1–3–9(+ω). Solenidion attached to eupathidium, both located on dorsal tubercle. Chelicerae (266–287) with two simple, barbed setae; cha (102–106) longer than chb (45–49). Trägårdh’s organ (Tg) long, tapered. Lateral podosomal and epimeral regions. Pedotecta I (Pd I) large, concave in dorsal view. Pedotecta II (Pd II) of medium size, triangular in ventral view. Both pedotecta scale-like in lateral view. Genal teeth (gt) elongate narrowly triangular. Apodemes 1, 2, sejugal and 3 distinctly developed, not fused medially. Epimeral setal formula 3–1–3–3. Epimeral setae setiform, thin, indistinctly or slightly barbed; setae 1b, 3b and 3c (61–73) longer than other (45–49). Custodia (cus) with long, thin, pointed tips. Discidia (dis) triangular. Circumpedal carinae (cp) distinct. Anogenital region. Six pairs of genital (g 1 – g 6), one pair of aggenital (ag), two pairs of anal (an 1, an 2) and three pairs of adanal (ad 1 – ad 3) setae similar in length (36–41), simple, thin, indistinctly barbed. Lyrifissures iad located close to anal aperture, in inverse apoanal position. Ovipositor elongated (274 × 62), blades (106) shorter than length of distal section (beyond middle fold; 168). Each of three blades with four straight, smooth setae, ψ 1 ≈ τ 1 (53–57) longer than ψ 2 ≈ τa ≈ τb ≈ τc (24–28). Six coronal simple setae (k, 14– 16) present. Legs. Medial claw smooth, clearly thicker than two laterals; claws serrate (ser) dorsally. Genua I and II, and femora II with large, triangular antero-ventral tooth (t). Formulae of leg setation and solenidia: I (1– 5–3–4–20) [1–2–2], II (1–5–3–4–16) [1–1–2], III (2–2–1–3–15) [1–1–0], IV (1–2–2–3–12) [0–1–0]; homology of setae and solenidia as indicated in Table 2. Solenidia setiform, thin, pointed. Famulus (ɛ) short, blunted. Setae (except p) slightly barbed. Remarks. The specimens of E. elongatus from Tasmania show general conformity with the original description (Wallwork 1966) from the South Georgia Islands. However, detailed comparison of the Tasmanian specimens with those from the Starý collection revealed differences in the following characters: 1) Setae l” on genua II. These setae in the Tasmanian specimens were simple, slightly thickened versus thorn-like in specimens from South Georgia Island. 2) Morphology of rostral, lamellar and anogenital setae. These setae in the Tasmanian specimens were slightly barbed versus distinctly barbed in specimens from South Georgia. In our opinion, the above listed differences are intraspecific and perhaps can be explained as population variation. Hence, this species of geographic variability could be seen in future identification of E. elongatus. Distribution. Earlier, E. elongatus was registered in the Antarctic Islands (South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands) and South Chile (Wallwork 1966, 1967; Starý & Block 1995). Taking our record, geographical distribution of this species has expanded and includes now the Australian region (Tasmania) (see Fig. 23).Published as part of Ermilov, Sergey G., Yurtaev, Andrey A. & Pešić, Vladimir, 2015, Additions to the Tasmanian oribatid mites, with supplementary description of Edwardzetes elongatus Wallwork, 1966 (Acari, Oribatida), pp. 98-108 in Ecologica Montenegrina 2 (2) on pages 104-106, DOI: 10.37828/em.2015.2.12, http://zenodo.org/record/803202

ЕВРАЗИЯ И ЕВРАЗИЙСТВО В XXI ВЕКЕ: БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ, ИДЕНТИЧНОСТЬ И КУЛЬТУРА АЛЬЯНСОВ

The creation of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) has a longer history than the Customs Union and Eurasian Economic Community, as well as the potential that exceeds the geographical boundaries of the association. The EAEU is indirectly connected with the history of Eurasianism, and after the joint summit of the SCO and BRICS in Ufa in 2015 has additional vectors - interacting with the Chinese“Belt and Road” initiative and the activities of the SCO, which covers the countries of Central and South Asia. This points to three interrelated factors - the role of alliances, their identity and the security regime in the broad sense of the term. In this publication, the authors attempt to analyze these factors for the EAEU and, more broadly, the SCO as a similar structure operating in Eurasia. A descriptive methodology and an interdisciplinary approach used. Authors also attempted to apply an geopolitical foresight with the example of several scenarios.Cоздание Евразийского экономического союза (ЕАЭС) имеет более длительную исто рию, чем Таможенный союз и ЕвраАзЭС, а также потенциал, превосходящий географические гра ницы объединения. ЕАЭС косвенно связан с историей евразийства, а после проведения совместного саммита ШОС и БРИКС в Уфе в 2015 г. имеет дополнительные векторы - сопряжение с китай ской инициативой «Пояс и Путь» и деятельностью ШОС, которая охватывает страны Централь ной и Южной Азии. Это указывает на три взаимосвязанных фактора - роль альянсов, их идентич ность и режим безопасности в широком смысле этого термина. В данной публикации авторы пред принимают попытку анализа указанных факторов для ЕАЭС и ШОС в качестве схожей структу ры, действующей на территории Евразии. Использована дескриптивная (описательная) методика, междисциплинарный подход, а также осуществлена попытка геополитического форсайта (про гноза) на примере нескольких сценариев