Cosmostructural model of the Kalgutinskiy rare-metal deposit area (Mountainous Altai)

Cosmostructures of the Kalgutinskiy rare-metal deposit area (Mountainous Altai) have been studied on the materials of multispectral space survey Landsat ETM+ and radar-tracking survey SRTM. The area is localized inside of the large ring structure of a complex construction, characterized by the long multistage (multipulse) development. Immersing of the root (focus) part of the structure from the north - northwest to the east - southeast is established. Position of the ring structure is controlled by the crossing knot of fracture zones of northwest, northeast and northeast - sublatitudinal directions. The Kalgutinskiy granite massif and the deposit itself are located in the internal belt of the structure in the ring 15,2 km in diameter. The perspective of ore-bearing ability of the southeast part of the area is highly evaluated in connection with development of small ring structures of the second typ

Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

BACKGROUND: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. METHODS: We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0·5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. FINDINGS: Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86·9 years (95% UI 86·7-87·2), and for men in Singapore, at 81·3 years (78·8-83·7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, an

Experimental Approbation of Selective Laser Melting of Powders by the Use of Non-Gaussian Power Density Distributions

AbstractExperimental results on laser beam modulation at selective laser melting (SLM) are presented. The modulation is a possible way to improve the efficiency of the SLM process. The optical diagnostics shows the energy loss up to 30%. This could be a consequence of high thermal gradients in the melt pool resulted by the Gaussian power density distribution. The Gaussian distribution can be changed to the flat-top one or to the inverse-Gaussian (donut) one. An experimental stand with a 200W laser source was developed. Twenty single tracks for each of the three modes were obtained for a Co-Cr alloy. The samples were studied by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) on irregularity. Optical diagnostics by high velocity camera (HVC) shows that the use of the non-Gaussian laser beam distributions can significantly reduce the width of the free-of-powder consolidation zone, which is considered as the main reason for irregularity of single tracks. A better metallurgical bonding of the single tracks with the substrate was obtained by the use of the flat-top laser beam. Both of these facts show a significant influence of the laser beam energy distribution on the energy loss at SLM, especially for high power laser sources. The observed escape of granules shows a possible influence of the dynamic factor. The use of the non-Gaussian distributions can enhance 3D parts, for example, improve the geometrical tolerance and decrease the residual porosity

A mathematical model of in vitro hepatocellular cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism for hyperlipidemia therapy

Cardiovascular diseases associated with high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) levels are significant contributors to total mortality in developing and developed countries. Mathematical modeling of LDL metabolism is an important step in the development of drugs for hypercholesterolemia. The aim of this work was to develop and to analyze an integrated mathematical model of cholesterol metabolism in liver cells and its interaction with two types of drugs, statins and PCSK9 inhibitors. The model consisted of 21 ordinary differential equations (ODE) describing cholesterol biosynthesis and lipoprotein endocytosis in liver cells in vitro. The model was tested for its ability to mimic known biochemical effects of familial hypercholesterolemia, statin therapy, and PCSK9 inhibitors. The model qualitatively reproduced the well-known biology of cholesterol regulation, which confirms its potential for minimizing cellular research in initial testing of new drugs for cardiology

Theoretical and experimental study of guided modes of the wire medium slab

We study the guided modes in the wire medium slab taking into account both the nonlocality and losses in the structure. We show that due to the fact that the wire medium is an extremeley spatially dispersive metamaterial, the effect of nonlocality plays a critical role since it results in coupling between the otherwise orthogonal guided modes. We show that such a structure supports a set of deep subwavelength propagating modes and that it exhibits properties of a single mode waveguide at any fixed frequency which is below the plasma frequency of the wires. We compare our analytical results with the dispersion relations extracted from the experimental measurements