Efficiency of Finding Muon Track Trigger Primitives in CMS Cathode Strip Chambers

In the CMS Experiment, muon detection in the forward direction is accomplished by cathode strip chambers~(CSC). These detectors identify muons, provide a fast muon trigger, and give a precise measurement of the muon trajectory. There are 468 six-plane CSCs in the system. The efficiency of finding muon trigger primitives (muon track segments) was studied using~36 CMS CSCs and cosmic ray muons during the Magnet Test and Cosmic Challenge~(MTCC) exercise conducted by the~CMS experiment in~2006. In contrast to earlier studies that used muon beams to illuminate a very small chamber area ($< \! 0.01$~m$^2$), results presented in this paper were obtained by many installed CSCs operating {\em in situ} over an area of $\approx \! 23$~m$^2$ as a part of the~CMS experiment. The efficiency of finding 2-dimensional trigger primitives within 6-layer chambers was found to be~$99.93 \pm 0.03\%$. These segments, found by the CSC electronics within $800$~ns after the passing of a muon through the chambers, are the input information for the Level-1 muon trigger and, also, are a necessary condition for chambers to be read out by the Data Acquisition System

Experimental modeling of the microalgae cultivation in a photobioreactor using manure

The article studies the experimental process of cultivation of microalgae in a photobioreactor (PBR) to study the effect of technological conditions on the productivity of microalgae. This process allows obtaining initial data for the development of closed cycles of using the energy potential of alga mass in heat and power supply of various industries, including agricultural enterprises (livestock complexes, poultry farms, etc.) The scheme of a closed cycle of power supply of the cattle complex allows obtaining hot water, feed additives to the cattle ration, bio humus, motor biofuel and carbon dioxide, which is advisable to use in the process of cultivating microalgae. The experiments were carried out on a photobioreactor for cultivating microalgae with an intelligent control system. The developed photobioreactor differs from the known ones in the pulsating hydrodynamic regime of feeding the nutrient solution, which provides an increase in the productivity of the microalgae cultivation up to 15%. The experimental model of the cultivation conditions of the microalga Ch. Vulgaris on a combined diet (Tamiya medium + manure substrate) showed a noticeable increase in crop productivity when adding cattle manure extract to the nutrient medium in an amount from 30 to 60% (vol.). This can be used in the development of closed cycles of heat and power supply for cattle farms based on biofuels of the third generation, obtained from the phytomass of microalgae