Video1_Exposure region of the Kawase approach and its correlation with skull base anatomy: An evaluation with digital models.mp4

The Kawase approach is one of the most used trajectories in skull base surgery. The exposure range of the approach and its correlation with skull base anatomy still demand more exploration. With the help of digital rebuilding, analysis, and measurement, we evaluated the exposure range of the Kawase and extended Kawase approaches and analyzed the correlation between the exposure range and the variants of the petrosal and clival anatomy. The finding of the study demonstrated that compared to the sub-temporal approach, the Kawase approach and the extended Kawase approach significantly added the exposure range in the upper, middle, and partial inferior regions of the clivus. The gains in the exposure volume and area are more when the manipulation angle is less than 135°.</p

Structures of New Triterpenoids and Cytotoxicity Activities of the Isolated Major Compounds from the Fruit of Momordica charantia L.

Two new cucurbitane-type triterpene glycosides, charantagenins D (<b>1</b>) and E (<b>2</b>), and one new sterol, 7-oxo-stigmasta-5,25-diene-3-<i>O</i>-β-d-glucopyranoside (<b>3</b>), were isolated from the fruit of Momordica charantia L. together with another eight known compounds. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectral analysis. Cytotoxicity activities of the isolated major compounds were evaluated against lung cancer cell line A549, glioblastoma cell line U87, and hepatoma carcinoma cell line Hep3B by using a 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) in vitro assay. Results showed compounds <b>1</b> and <b>7</b> (goyaglycoside d) with an −OMe substituent group in the side chain exhibited significant cytotoxic activities against cancer cells. Impressively, the IC₅₀ values of the new compound <b>1</b> to A549, U87, and Hep3B were 1.07, 1.08, and 14.01 μmol/L, respectively, which were much lower than those of other tested compounds

Four new dammarane-type triterpenes derivatives from hydrolyzate of total <i>Gynostemma pentaphyllum</i> saponins and their bioactivities

<p>Phytochemical investigation of hydrolysate of total <i>G. pentaphyllum</i> saponins led to the isolation of four novel triterpenes, Gypensapogenin U (<b>1</b>), Gypensapogenin V (<b>2</b>), Gypensapogenin W (<b>3</b>) and Gypensapogenin X (<b>4</b>). The structures of these compounds were identified by 1D, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS evidences. Additionally, the protective activity of these new compounds against cardiomyocytes injury induced by H₂O₂ and their cytotoxic activity against t-HSC/Cl-6 cells were evaluated.</p

The retention time, MS/MS fragment ions, 25 (R)-OCH₃-PPD and its metabolites under the present LC-MS/MS conditions.

<p>The retention time, MS/MS fragment ions, 25 (R)-OCH₃-PPD and its metabolites under the present LC-MS/MS conditions.</p

Effects of four different ginsenosides on the Vivid® CYP3A4 red assay (A) and green assay (B).

<p>Each point is the mean value of triplicate samples, with error bars representing RSD values.</p

Kinetics parameters of formation of M1–M7 from 25 (R)-OCH₃-PPD in human liver microsome.

<p>Kinetics parameters of formation of M1–M7 from 25 (R)-OCH₃-PPD in human liver microsome.</p

Parameters of the enzymatic reactions used to determine the activities of P450 enzymes.

<p><b>Note:</b><b><i>a</i></b>. The linear range was determined by visual inspection; parameters for substrate concentration, wavelength and CYP450 concentration were provided by the kit manufacturer.</p

The extracted ion chromatograms of 25(R)-OCH₃-PPD and its metabolites in HLM with NADPH-regenerating system.

<p>The extracted ion chromatograms of 25(R)-OCH₃-PPD and its metabolites in HLM with NADPH-regenerating system.</p

Metabolite M1–M7 formation of 25 (R)-OCH₃-PPD (3 and 10 µM) incubated with recombinant human CYP3A4 (20 pmol/ml) with NADPH regenerating system for 30 min at 37°C.

<p>Each data represents the mean ± SD (n = 3).</p

Chemical structure of 25 (R)-OCH₃-PPD.

<p>Chemical structure of 25 (R)-OCH₃-PPD.</p