Existence and controllability for stochastic evolution inclusions of Clarke's subdifferential type

In this paper, we investigate a class of stochastic evolution inclusions of Clarke's subdifferential type in Hilbert spaces. The existence of mild solutions and controllability results are given and proved by using stochastic analysis techniques, semigroup of operators theory, a fixed point theorem of multivalued maps and properties of generalized Clarke subdifferential. An example is included to illustrate the applicability of the main results

ChatDoctor: A Medical Chat Model Fine-tuned on LLaMA Model using Medical Domain Knowledge

Recent large language models (LLMs) in the general domain, such as ChatGPT, have shown remarkable success in following instructions and producing human-like responses. However, such language models have yet to be adapted for the medical domain, resulting in poor accuracy of responses and an inability to provide sound advice on medical diagnoses, medications, etc. To address this problem, we fine-tuned our ChatDoctor model based on 100k real-world patient-physician conversations from an online medical consultation site. Besides, we add autonomous knowledge retrieval capabilities to our ChatDoctor, for example, Wikipedia or a disease database as a knowledge brain. By fine-tuning the LLMs using these 100k patient-physician conversations, our model showed significant improvements in understanding patients' needs and providing informed advice. The autonomous ChatDoctor model based on Wikipedia and Database Brain can access real-time and authoritative information and answer patient questions based on this information, significantly improving the accuracy of the model's responses, which shows extraordinary potential for the medical field with a low tolerance for error. To facilitate the further development of dialogue models in the medical field, we make available all source code, datasets, and model weights available at: https://github.com/Kent0n-Li/ChatDoctor

Fabrication of palladium/graphene oxide composite by plasma reduction at room temperature

Pd nanoparticles were fabricated on graphene oxide (GO) using a deposition-precipitation method with a glow discharge plasma reduction at room temperature. Argon was employed as the plasma-generating gas. The novel plasma method selectively reduces the metal ions. The graphene oxide has no change with this plasma reduction according to the Fourier transform infrared analysis. The Pd nanoparticles on the GO were uniformly distributed with an average diameter of 1.6 nm. The functional groups on the GO not only prevent Pd nanoparticles from further aggregation but also provide a strong hydrophilic property to the Pd/GO composite, which can form stable colloidal dispersions in water

Magnetostratigraphic dating of the Linyi Fauna and implications for sequencing the mammalian faunas on the Chinese Loess Plateau

The Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) in North China is an important terrestrial archive that witnessed the environmental changes and mammal and early human evolution in Asia over the past 2.6 Ma. Establishing precise ages for the Pleistocene faunas on the CLP is critical for better understanding of these environmental, biological, and archaeological issues. Here we report a new magnetostratigraphic record that places age constraints on the Linyi Fauna on the southeastern CLP. Our investigated 170-m-thick Linyi section mainly consists of two portions: (1) an overlying eolian Quaternary loess-paleosol sequence and (2) underlying fluvial-lacustrine sand and silty clay. Paleomagnetic results suggest that the composite section records the Brunhes chron, Jaramillo and Olduvai subchrons, and successive reverse polarity portions of the intervening Matuyama chron. The Linyi Fauna is located between Jaramillo and Olduvai subchrons in the fluvial-lacustrine interval, with an estimated age of similar to 1.5-1.6 Ma. Combining previously dated faunas, we establish a Pleistocene magnetochronology spanning from 2.54 to 0.65 Ma for the faunas on the CLP

Xinfeng capsule improves pulmonary function in ankylosing spondylitis patients via NF-κB-iNOS-NO signaling pathway

AbstractObjectiveTo study changes in the nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65)-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway and the effects of Xinfeng capsules (XFC) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS)MethodsOne hundred twenty patients with AS were randomly divided into an XFC group and a Salazopyrin group. Sixty health subjects were included as a normal control group. In the two treatment groups, pulmonary functional parameters, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory flow at 25% of forced vital capacity (FEF25), forced expiratory flow at 50% of forced vital capacity (FEF50), and forced expiratory flow at 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF75) were determined. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were used for detection of the serum oxidative stress indexes, NF-κB p65, iNOS, NO, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total antioxidative capacity (TAOC) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) contents. Westergren's method was used for determination of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) was detected with a 7060 full-automatic biochemical analyzer (Hitachi, Japan).ResultsThe clinical therapeutic effect in the XFC group was significantly superior to that in the Salazopyrin group (P<0.01). Compared with the normal control group, FEV1, MVV, PEF, FEF50, FEF75, SOD, CAT, TAOC, IL-4, IL-10 were significantly lower, and NF-κB p65, iNOS, NO, ROS, RNS, MDA, IL-1β, TNF-α, ESR, and Hs-CRP significantly higher in patients with AS (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Compared with before treatment, FEV1, MVV, PEF, FEF50, FEF75, SOD, CAT, TAOC, IL-4, and IL-10 were significantly increased, and NF-κB p65, iNOS, NO, ROS, RNS, MDA, IL-1β, TNF-α, ESR, CRP, visual analog scales (VAS), Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease active index, Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index, and Bath ankylosing spondylitis global index significantly decreased in the two treatment groups after treatment (P< 0.01 or P<0.05), with significant differences between the XFC and Salazopyrin groups (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis indicated that FEV1, MVV, PEF, FEF50, and FEF75 were positively correlated with SOD, CAT, TAOC, IL-4, and IL-10, and were negatively correlated with NF-κB p65, iNOS, NO, ROS, RNS, MDA, IL-1β, TNF-α, ESR, and CRP.ConclusionPatients with AS have local pathologic changes in the spinal cord and other joints. They also have decreased pulmonary function, which is negatively correlated with the NF-κB-iNOS-NO signaling pathway, oxidative indexes, and inflammatory factors. XFC improves rigidity and pain in spinal joints and other symptoms, laboratory indexes, and pulmonary function. The mechanism is possibly related to inhibition of the NF-κB-iNOS-NO signaling pathway