Additional file 2: of Transcriptomic analysis reveals vacuolar Na+ (K+)/H+ antiporter gene contributing to growth, development, and defense in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)

Figure S1. Total mapped and unmapped RNA-seq clean reads for transgenic lines and WT plants. (PDF 119 kb

Additional file 1: of Transcriptomic analysis reveals vacuolar Na+ (K+)/H+ antiporter gene contributing to growth, development, and defense in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)

Table S5. Primer sequences used in the experiments. (DOCX 16 kb

Additional file 3: of Transcriptomic analysis reveals vacuolar Na+ (K+)/H+ antiporter gene contributing to growth, development, and defense in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)

Table S1. Significantly upregulated genes involved in cell division in transgenic compared to WT plants. (DOCX 15 kb

Pressure-Stabilized Semiconducting Electrides in Alkaline-Earth-Metal Subnitrides

High pressure is able to modify profoundly the chemical bonding and generate new phase structures of materials with chemical and physical properties not accessible at ambient conditions. We here report an unprecedented phenomenon on the pressure-induced formation of semiconducting electrides via compression of layered alkaline-earth subnitrides Ca₂N, Sr₂N, and Ba₂N that are conducting electrides with loosely confined electrons in the interlayer voids at ambient pressure. Our extensive first-principles swarm structure searches identified the high-pressure semiconducting electride phases of a tetragonal <i>I</i>4̅2<i>d</i> structure for Ca₂N and a monoclinic <i>Cc</i> structure shared by Sr₂N and Ba₂N, both of which contain atomic-size cavities with paring electrons distributed within. These electride structures are validated by the excellent agreement between the simulated X-ray diffraction patterns and the experimental data available. We attribute the emergence of the semiconducting electride phases to the p<i>–</i>d hybridization on alkaline-earth-metal atoms under compression as well as the filling of the p<i>–</i>d hybridized band due to the interaction between Ca and N. Our work provides a unique example of pressure-induced metal-to-semiconductor transition in compound materials and reveals unambiguously the electron-confinement topology change between different types of electrides

Sugar and ethanol concentrations for 96 h of enzymatic and fermentation for <i>Triarrhena sacchariflora</i> (Maxim.) Nakai pretreated at untreated, A2B1C1D1 (1.5%, 1∶6, 15 min, 110°C), A2B2C2D2 (1.5%, 1∶8, 30 min, 120°C), A2B1C1D2 (1.5%, 1∶6, 15 min, 120°C).

<p>Analyses were performed in triplicate with the error bars representing the corresponding standard errors.</p

Results of the incomplete factorial experiment evaluating dilute H₂SO₄ pretreatment for <i>Triarrhena sacchariflora</i> (Maxim.) Nakai.

<p>K1 = Sum of index value of factor1, K2 =  Sum of index value of factor2, K1-bar = K1/2, K2-bar = K2/2.</p><p>Results of the incomplete factorial experiment evaluating dilute H₂SO₄ pretreatment for <i>Triarrhena sacchariflora</i> (Maxim.) Nakai.</p

Effect of dilute H₂SO₄ pretreatment on sugar concentration at (A) different H₂SO₄ concentrations with fixed forage:sulfuric acid ratio (1∶8), fixed digestion time (30 min), and fixed digestion temperature (120°C); (B) different forage:sulfuric acid ratios with fixed H₂SO₄ concentration (1.5%), fixed digestion time (30 min), and fixed digestion temperature (120°C); (C) different digestion times with fixed H₂SO₄ concentration (1.5%), fix forage:sulfuric acid ration (1∶8), and fixed digestion temperature (120°C); and (D) different digestion temperatures with fixed H₂SO₄ concentration (1.5%), fixed forage:sulfuric acid ratio (1∶8), and fixed digestion time (30 min) for <i>Triarrhena sacchariflora</i> (Maxim.) Nakai.

<p>Analyses were performed in triplicate with the error bars representing the corresponding standard errors.</p

Incomplete factorial experimental design of <i>Triarrhena sacchariflora</i> (Maxim.) Nakai with dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment.

<p>Incomplete factorial experimental design of <i>Triarrhena sacchariflora</i> (Maxim.) Nakai with dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment.</p

Chemical compositions of <i>Triarrhena sacchariflora</i> (Maxim.) Nakai.

<p>Chemical compositions of <i>Triarrhena sacchariflora</i> (Maxim.) Nakai.</p

Means and standards errors for lignocellulosic components and means for crystallinity for different digestion temperatures, N = 3¹.

1<p>Means with larger standard errors in a column are based on a sample size of N = 2.</p>abcde<p>Means within a column with differing superscripts differ (P<0.05).</p><p>Means and standards errors for lignocellulosic components and means for crystallinity for different digestion temperatures, N = 3^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0114399#nt107" target="_blank">1</a>}.</p