THP-1 cell adhesion to HUVECs (Flow chamber assay) and expression of E-selectin in HUVECs.

<p>(A) SRPO significantly reduced the number of PRP-induced THP-1 cell that adhered to HUVECs. HUVEC monolayers were stimulated with 3 ng/ml TNF-α for 3.5 h and exposed to PPP or PRP for 20 min. PRP was pretreated or not with SRPO (10 μM) just before addition to the HUVECs. THP-1 cells were perfused over activated HUVEC monolayers at a flow rate of 1.0 dyne/cm². Adhesion assays were performed as described in Materials and Methods. Data are the mean ± SD of three independent experiments in each group. (B) SRPO significantly reduced the expression of PRP-induced E-selectin in HUVECs. E-selectin expression was determined by FIA as described in Materials and Methods. Data are the mean ± SD of 6 independent experiments in each group.</p

THP-1 cell adhesion to HUVECs (Non-static rotational assay) and expression of PKCα in THP-1 cells.

<p>(A) SRPO significantly reduced PMA-triggered THP-1 cell adhesion to the HUVECs. THP-1 cells were pretreated with SRPO (10 μM) for 1 h and stimulated with PMA (10 nM) for 10 min before the assay. Preliminary experiments with trypan blue staining demonstrated that THP-1 cells were not damaged by SRPO (10 μM, 1h) treatment (data not shown). Adhesion assays were performed as described in Materials and Methods. Data are the mean ± SD of three independent experiments in each group. (B) SRPO attenuated PMA-induced PKCα activation in THP-1 cells. THP-1 cells were incubated in the presence or absence of SRPO (10 μM) for 1 h and stimulated with PMA (10 nM) for 10 min before the assay, and membrane proteins and total PKCα protein were detected by immunoblotting. Data are representative of three independent experiments.</p

Effects of SRPO on HFFD-induced obesity.

<p>(A) Body weight (n = 17, 28, 29). (B) Epididymal fat weight (n = 13, 18, 18). (C) Liver weight (n = 17, 23, 25). Values are the mean ± SE in each group. (Abbreviations: NC = normal chow; HFFD = high-fat high-fructose diet; VEH = vehicle; SRPO = Sarpogrelate hydrochloride.)</p

SRPO significantly decreased leukocyte-endothelial interactions and serum MCP-1 level.

<p>(A) Image of leukocyte-endothelial interactions in the femoral arteries of mice (with the margins of vessels indicated by dotted lines). Arrows indicate adhered or rolling leukocytes. (B) The numbers of rolling (left) and adherent cells (right) in all groups were calculated as described in Methods. Values are the mean ± SE (n = 10, 16, 18). (C) Effect of SRPO on serum MCP-1 levels in HFFD-induced obesity. Values are the mean ± SE (n = 13, 13, 11). Serum MCP-1 level of the HFFD + VEH group was higher than in the NC group, and SRPO prevented the increase in serum MCP-1 level on the HFFD + VEH group.</p