Table_2_Evaluation and analysis of multidrug resistance- and hypervirulence-associated genes in carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains among children in an area of China for five consecutive years.XLSX

IntroductionCarbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) is a growing threat. It is urgent to investigate the multidrug resistance and high virulence of CRPA to provide a basis for infection control and rational use of antibiotics.MethodsA retrospective study of 56 nonduplicated CRPA isolates was conducted.ResultsCRPA mainly came from the intensive care unit (ICU) and was mostly isolated from sputum samples. The carbapenem resistance rates of P. aeruginosa were 21.37% (2016), 10.62, 5.88, 10 and 13.87% from 2016 to 2020, respectively. Carbapenem-resistant enzymes and aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme-encoding genes were detected in all isolates, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase and cephalosporin enzyme-encoding genes were present in 96.43 and 80.38% of isolates, respectively. The detection rate of OprM showed a statistically significant difference (p DiscussionThe detection rates of various resistance and virulence genes were high, and the coexistence phenomenon was serious. In clinical practice, antibiotics should be used reasonably based on different drug resistance genes to ensure the rationality and safety of patient medication.</p

Table_1_Evaluation and analysis of multidrug resistance- and hypervirulence-associated genes in carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains among children in an area of China for five consecutive years.docx

IntroductionCarbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) is a growing threat. It is urgent to investigate the multidrug resistance and high virulence of CRPA to provide a basis for infection control and rational use of antibiotics.MethodsA retrospective study of 56 nonduplicated CRPA isolates was conducted.ResultsCRPA mainly came from the intensive care unit (ICU) and was mostly isolated from sputum samples. The carbapenem resistance rates of P. aeruginosa were 21.37% (2016), 10.62, 5.88, 10 and 13.87% from 2016 to 2020, respectively. Carbapenem-resistant enzymes and aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme-encoding genes were detected in all isolates, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase and cephalosporin enzyme-encoding genes were present in 96.43 and 80.38% of isolates, respectively. The detection rate of OprM showed a statistically significant difference (p DiscussionThe detection rates of various resistance and virulence genes were high, and the coexistence phenomenon was serious. In clinical practice, antibiotics should be used reasonably based on different drug resistance genes to ensure the rationality and safety of patient medication.</p

Additional file 1 of Insight into carbapenem resistance and virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii from a children’s medical centre in eastern China

Supplementary Material 1: Table S1 Genome sequence tabl

The differentially expressed serum-miRNAs with more than two fold-changes between BO and AO.

<p>The differentially expressed serum-miRNAs with more than two fold-changes between BO and AO.</p

High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals Circulating miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Measuring Puberty Onset in Chicken (<i>Gallus gallus</i>)

<div><p>There are still no highly sensitive and unique biomarkers for measurement of puberty onset. Circulating miRNAs have been shown to be promising biomarkers for diagnosis of various diseases. To identify circulating miRNAs that could be served as biomarkers for measuring chicken (<i>Gallus gallus</i>) puberty onset, the Solexa deep sequencing was performed to analyze the miRNA expression profiles in serum and plasma of hens from two different pubertal stages, before puberty onset (BO) and after puberty onset (AO). 197 conserved and 19 novel miRNAs (reads > 10) were identified as serum/plasma-expressed miRNAs in the chicken. The common miRNA amounts and their expression changes from BO to AO between serum and plasma were very similar, indicating the different treatments to generate serum and plasma had quite small influence on the miRNAs. 130 conserved serum-miRNAs were showed to be differentially expressed (reads > 10, <i>P</i> < 0.05) from BO to AO, with 68 up-regulated and 62 down-regulated. 4829 putative genes were predicted as the targets of the 40 most differentially expressed miRNAs (|log2(fold-change)|>1.0, <i>P</i> < 0.01). Functional analysis revealed several pathways that were associated with puberty onset. Further quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) test found that a seven-miRNA panel, including miR-29c, miR-375, miR-215, miR-217, miR-19b, miR-133a and <i>let</i>-7a, had great potentials to serve as novel biomarkers for measuring puberty onset in chicken. Due to highly conserved nature of miRNAs, the findings could provide cues for measurement of puberty onset in other animals as well as humans.</p></div

Relative expression changes of 9 candidate serum-miRNAs in different stages.

<p>Bars show standard deviations for replicates (n = 6).</p

Measurement of comb size and gonad tissues during different development stages.

<p>For each phase n = 10.</p><p>Measurement of comb size and gonad tissues during different development stages.</p

qRT- PCR validation of putative target genes.

<p>Mean expression levels were normalized to GAPDH controls, error bars show standard errors for replicates (n = 3). **means a statistically significant difference (<i>P</i> < 0.01). BO, before onset of the rapid gonad development; AO, after onset of the rapid gonad development.</p

Length distribution of the clean reads in BO and AO.

<p>The X axis indicates sequence size from 18nt to 35nt. The Y axis indicates the percents of reads for every given size. The majority of sequences for both libraries were 21nt ~ 24nt. BO, before onset of the rapid gonad development; AO, after onset of the rapid gonad development.</p

High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals Hypothalamic MicroRNAs as Novel Partners Involved in Timing the Rapid Development of Chicken (<i>Gallus gallus</i>) Gonads

<div><p>Onset of the rapid gonad growth is a milestone in sexual development that comprises many genes and regulatory factors. The observations in model organisms and mammals including humans have shown a potential link between miRNAs and development timing. To determine whether miRNAs play roles in this process in the chicken (<i>Gallus gallus</i>), the Solexa deep sequencing was performed to analyze the profiles of miRNA expression in the hypothalamus of hens from two different pubertal stages, before onset of the rapid gonad development (BO) and after onset of the rapid gonad development (AO). 374 conserved and 46 novel miRNAs were identified as hypothalamus-expressed miRNAs in the chicken. 144 conserved miRNAs were showed to be differentially expressed (reads > 10, <i>P</i> < 0.05) during the transition from BO to AO. Five differentially expressed miRNAs were validated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) method. 2013 putative genes were predicted as the targets of the 15 most differentially expressed miRNAs (fold-change > 4.0, <i>P</i> < 0.01). Of these genes, 7 putative circadian clock genes, <i>Per2</i>, <i>Bmal1/2</i>, <i>Clock</i>, <i>Cry1/2</i>, and <i>Star</i> were found to be targeted multiple times by the miRNAs. qRT-PCR revealed the basic transcription levels of these clock genes were much higher (<i>P</i> < 0.01) in AO than in BO. Further functional analysis suggested that these 15 miRNAs play important roles in transcriptional regulation and signal transduction pathways. The results provide new insights into miRNAs functions in timing the rapid development of chicken gonads. Considering the characteristics of miRNA functional conservation, the results will contribute to the research on puberty onset in humans.</p></div