1H NMR spectra of a typical cell extract.

<p>1H NMR spectra of a typical cell extract.</p

DAPI- and TUNEL-stained <i>S. cerevisiae</i> nuclei (10×60).

<p>A, E, control group; B, C, D, S. cerevisiae treated with 0.13 mg/mL of GSE for 3 h; A–C yeast cells stained with DAPI; D and E yeast cells stained with TUNEL.</p

<i>S. cerevisiae</i> intracellular ROS.

<p>A–D, S. cerevisiae treated with 0.13 mg/mL of GSE for 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h.</p

Representative silver-stained 2-D gel of total cellular extracts from yeast cells treated with GSE.

<p>The spots that were altered upon treatment are represented by numbers (1–26).</p

<i>S. cerevisiae</i> mitochondrial membrane potential (DYmt).

<p>A–G, S. cerevisiae treated with 0.13 mg/mL of GSE for 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 h.</p