BAY 60–2770 reduces myocardial infarction in a rat IR injury model.

<p>Seven days after reperfusion, the infarct area was visualized using TTC staining from IR-injured and BAY 60–2770 pre-treated hearts (A). Representative TTC images from Nor (n = 10), IR (n = 5), BAY (n = 6) (B). *p < 0.05 between IR and BAY groups. Echocardiographic analysis is shown as percent of EF (C), FS (D), and LVDD (mm, E). *p <0.05, **p <0.005 vs. IR.</p

BAY 60–2770 activates PKG in isolated cardiac tissue.

<p>BAY 60–2770 was perfused at 5 nM or 5 μM for 10 min in a Langendorff system. cGMP (A) and cAMP (B) concentrations in tissue homogenates were measured. Western blot analysis was used to determine VASP phosphorylation at ser239 (C), and the ratio of phospho-VASP to VASP was analyzed (D). PKG activity was examined using the CycLex cGK/PKG Assay (E). All the experiments were performed duplicated or triplicated in 3 animals from each group. *p <0.05, **p <0.005 vs. IR.</p

Echocardiographic analysis.

<p>Echocardiographic analysis.</p

The Subjectivity Behind the Numbers

Comparison of brain size in WT and dyrk1aa KO fish. (A) Relative size of brain compartments in KO fish brain was shown as a ratio, compared to those in WT fish brain. Also, body length (cm) of WT and KO fish used for this analysis was constant. Tel, Telencephalon; TeO, Tectum Opticum; CCe, Corpus Cerebelli. Number of dissected brains: n = 13 for WT fish and n = 13 for KO fish. (B) Percent of TeV space in the total brain. Mean value for the TeV sizes was measured in relative sections of multiple brain samples. Number of fish used for this assay: n = 6 for WT fish and n = 5 for KO fish. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 by Student’s t test. (PDF 1033 kb

Additional file 10: Figure S8. of Zebrafish knockout of Down syndrome gene, DYRK1A, shows social impairments relevant to autism

Social cohesion in different group sizes and water depths in the shoaling assay. (A) Schematic illustrations of the method to measure the distances between individual fish in the shoaling assay. Different numbers of fish were used as a group, ranging from 3 to 7. Social cohesion was represented as a mean distance of individual fish in the group. (B, C) Mean distance between individuals (cm) in a fish group represents the degree of social cohesion. The mean distance for social cohesion was analyzed in 2 different conditions; 1) different group sizes (B) and 2) water depths and volume (C). Number of trials for each experiment: n = 7. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. (PDF 1086 kb