Applying Positive Behavior Support to a Student with Autism Spectrum Disorders to Reduce Self-Injurious Behaviors and Promote the Participation in a Morning Assembly at Special Needs School

　本研究は，知的障害を対象とする特別支援学校において，激しい自傷行動を示す自閉症スペクトラム障害の児童に対してPBSに基づく実践を行い，自傷行動の低減と朝の会参加行動の形成を試みた。機能アセスメントから，対象児が床や机に頭を打ち付けたり拳で頭を叩いたりする自傷行動には，教師の指示や要求から逃避する機能,不安や緊張の低減を図る機能があると仮定した。そこで，①緊張や不安なく取り組める朝の会参加行動の形成，②頭打ちや頭叩きによって得られる感覚刺激の代わりとなる刺激の用意，③頭打ちや頭叩きの予防を図る先行事象操作，④朝の会参加行動の生起を支える結果事象の操作，を基本方針として介入を行った。結果，自傷行動は減少し，朝の会の参加行動が増加した。最後に，対象児に対する本取り組みの効果と，本実践に参加した教師の意識変容を考察した。，，，

ALMA CO Observations of a Giant Molecular Cloud in M33: Evidence for High-Mass Star Formation Triggered by Cloud-Cloud Collisions

We report the first evidence for high-mass star formation triggered by collisions of molecular clouds in M33. Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, we spatially resolved filamentary structures of giant molecular cloud 37 in M33 using $^{12}$CO($J$ = 2-1), $^{13}$CO($J$ = 2-1), and C$^{18}$O($J$ = 2-1) line emission at a spatial resolution of $\sim$2 pc. There are two individual molecular clouds with a systematic velocity difference of $\sim$6 km s$^{-1}$. Three continuum sources representing up to $\sim$10 high-mass stars with the spectral types of B0V-O7.5V are embedded within the densest parts of molecular clouds bright in the C$^{18}$O($J$ = 2-1) line emission. The two molecular clouds show a complementary spatial distribution with a spatial displacement of $\sim$6.2 pc, and show a V-shaped structure in the position-velocity diagram. These observational features traced by CO and its isotopes are consistent with those in high-mass star-forming regions created by cloud-cloud collisions in the Galactic and Magellanic Cloud HII regions. Our new finding in M33 indicates that the cloud-cloud collision is a promising process to trigger high-mass star formation in the Local Group.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in PAS

Assessing the Outreach of Targeted Development Programmes—A Case Study from a South Indian Village

This paper explores beneficiary targeting of government programmes in a village in India. The analysis is based on all 228 households of the village and focus group discussions. The results show that there is a large exclusion error in targeted programmes, which have mostly excluded the poor and the needy. Most schemes have a prerequisite of asset ownership, such as agricultural land, which benefits resource-rich farmers with large landholdings. The relationship between benefits received and income of households is best represented by an inverted ‘u’-shape curve, indicating the middle-income category benefits more than the poorest. The scope and scale of welfare programmes, especially Direct Benefit Transfers, increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. For inclusion of the poorest of the poor, welfare and development schemes need to be decoupled from landownership in rural areas