The antibacterial activity of selected plants towards resistant bacteria isolated from clinical specimens

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the antibacterial activity of eight plants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, which are the most prevalent causes of infections in inpatients.MethodsThe antibacterial activity was calculated based on the minimum inhibitory concentration using Mueller–Hinton broth in a microdilution method.ResultsThe best antibacterial activity, calculated as minimum inhibitory concentration values, against MRSA was shown by the Kaempferia pandurata (Roxb) (K. pandurata) extract (256 μg/mL) and the Senna alata (S. alata) extract (512 μg/mL). Phytochemical screening of dried S. alata leaf and its extract showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, quinones, tannins and sterols, while dried K. pandurata and its extract only showed the presence of flavonoids and sterols/triterpenoids.ConclusionsK. pandurata and S. alata have the potential to be developed as antibacterial agents, especially against MRSA strain, but further in vivo research and discovery of the mode of its action are still needed to shed light on the effects

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE ACTIVITY OF EXTRACT AND FRACTIONS OF MATOA (POMETIA PINNATA J. R & G FORTS) LEAVES

ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of this study was to determine antihypertensive activity of extract and fractions of matoa (Pometia pinnata) leaves.Methods: Matoa leaves were extracted by reflux, followed by evaporating using rotary evaporator. Hypertension was induced by 50 mg/kg bw. NaCland 1.5 mg/kg bw. prednisone orally, every day as long as 28 days, then continued over the next 28 days in the therapy period. Male Sprague Dawleyrats were divided into 12 groups which were hydrochlorothiazide (0.45 mg/kg bw.), control group hypertensive, control normal, matoa leaves extract(MLE) (with doses of 50 mg/kg bw., 100 mg/kg bw., and 150 mg/kg bw.), ethylacetate fraction (with doses of 4.35 mg/kg bw., 8.71 mg/kg bw., and13.06 mg/kg bw.), and water fraction (with doses of 10 mg/kg bw., 21.88 mg/kg bw., and 32.82 mg/kg bw.). Measurement of systolic and diastolicblood pressure was done every weeks using direct tail-cuff of noninvasive method. Then histomorphology of muscle heart was performed at the endof this research.Results: Ethylacetate fraction of matoa leaves 13.08 mg/kg bw. and MLE 150 mg/kg bw. gave significant result in lowering blood pressure (p<0.05) onthe 28th day of therapy and showed an equal profile with hydrochlorothiazide (0.45 mg/kg bw). Histomorphological result of rat's muscle heart foundcollagen production was increased in NaCl-prednisone induced rats.Conclusions: Extract and fractions of P. pinnata leaves could decrease blood pressure of NaCl-prednisone induced hypertension rats, but this effectwas not liniear with doses and they did not decrease the collagen production in cardiac myocardium compared to normal group.Keywords: Pometia pinnata, Leaves, Hypertension, Tail-cuff noninvasive method, Blood pressure

Evaluasi Penggunaan Obat Tuberkulosis pada Pasien Rawat Inap di Ruang Perawatan Kelas III di Salah Satu Rumah Sakit di Bandung

Tuberkulosis (TB) merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian utama yang diakibatkan oleh infeksi. Ditemukan drug-related problems pada 86 pasien tuberkulosis rawat inap di ruang perawatan kelas III di salah satu rumah sakit di Bandung. Ketidaksesuaian dosis sebesar 19,82% dengan kejadian dosis yang berada di bawah rentang normal adalah 18,15% dan dosis yang berada di atas rentang normal 1,67%. Potensi kejadian interaksi obat sebesar 84,88% dengan tipe interaksi kuat (29%), sedang (63,92%), dan lemah (7,08%). Reaksi obat merugikan (ROM) yang dicantumkan sebagai diagnosis pasien yaitu sebesar 6,98% dengan ROM tipe A sebesar 4,65% dan ROM tipe B sebesar 2,33%. Indikasi tidak tertangani sebesar 13,96% dengan 2 kategori yaitu pasien dengan 1 indikasi tidak tertangani (10,47%) dan pasien dengan 2 indikasi tidak tertangani (3,49%). Medikasi tanpa indikasi sebesar 11,63%. Tidak ditemukan kegagalan menerima medikasi dan seleksi obat tidak sesuai.Kata kunci: tuberkulosis, evaluasi penggunaan obat, drug-related problems.Tuberculosis is one of infection disease which causes mortality. There were drug-related problems in 86 tuberculosis hospitalized patients in the third class ward in one of hospital in Bandung. Inappropriate doses incidence was 19.82% with dose under normal range was 18.15% and dose above normal range was 1.67%. Potential drug interactions incidence was 84.88% with each type of drug interactions are major (29%), moderate (63.92%), and minor (7.08%). Adverse drug reactions (ADR) incidence was 6.98% with ADR type A was 4.65% and ADR type B was 2.33%. Untreated indications incidence was 13.96% with 2 category that was patient with 1 untreated indication (10.47%) and patient with 2 untreated indications (3.49%). Medication use without indication incidence was 11.63%. This research didn't find failure to receive medication incidence and improper drug selections incidence.Keywords: tuberculosis, drug use evaluation, drug-related problem

Penyakit Kulit Terinduksi Obat pada Pasien di Bagian Penyakit Kulit di Salah Satu Rumah Sakit di Kota Bandung

Penyakit kulit terinduksi obat atau disebut juga drug eruption merupakan reaksi toksik yang menyebabkan gangguan pada kulit setelah penggunaan obat. Drug eruption merupakan reaksi obat yang paling umum ditemukan. Obat yang banyak menginduksi reaksi ini adalah antibiotik dan AINS (antiinflamasi non-steroid). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pola kejadian penyakit kulit terinduksi obat, menentukan obat yang paling banyak diduga sebagai penyebab, dan menentukan jenis penyakit kulit terinduksi obat yang paling banyak terjadi pada tahun 2009-2011 di salah satu rumah sakit pemerintah di Kota Bandung. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara retrospektif dengan mendata laporan Monitoring Efek Samping Obat (MESO) dan rekam medik pasien rawat inap kelas III bagian kulit. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada periode 2009"“2011 terdata 250 kasus drug eruption dengan adanya peningkatan jumlah setiap tahunnya. Obat yang paling banyak diduga menjadi penyebab adalah antibiotik terutama amoksisilin (oral) dan jenis penyakit kulit terinduksi obat yang banyak terjadi adalah drug eruption yaitu reaksi kulit dengan manifestasi klinik berupa kemerahan dan makulopapular.Kata kunci: penyakit kulit terinduksi obat, drug eruption, amoksisilin, studi retrospektifAbstractDrug induced skin disease or also known as drug eruption is a toxic reaction that causes skin disorder after drug administration. Drug eruption is the most common drug reaction. Antibiotic and NSAID (non-streoidal anti-inflammatory drug) were drugs that often induce this reaction. This study was made to identify the pattern of drug eruption incidence, to determine the most suspected drug, and to determine the most occurred type of drug eruption in year 2009-2011 in one of the government hospital in Bandung. This study was done retrospectively by using MESO report and medical records of dermatology patients in third class wards. According to this study, it can be concluded that in year 2009 "“ 2011, there were 250 drug induce skin disease cases with the increasing number every year. The most common suspected drug was antibiotic especially amoxicillin (oral) and the most occurred type of drug induced skin disease is drug eruption which clinical manifestation is redness and maculopapular.Keywords: Drug Induced Skin disease, drug eruption, amoxicillin, retrospective study

IN SILICO STUDY OF APIGENIN AND APIGETRIN AS INHIBITOR OF 3-HYDROXY-3-METHYL-GLUTAYL-COENZYME A REDUCTASE

  Objective: The objectives of this research were to investigate in silico interaction between apigenin and apigetrin with 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutayl-coenzyme A (HMG Co-A) reductase, to find the most favorable binding site as well as to predict the binding mode.Materials and Methods: Docking calculation was performed by branded Sony Vaio PC Linux Ubuntu 14.04 LTS. The binding process based on the best docking result with HMG Co-A reductase was presented in two-dimensional diagram. Statin, atorvastatin, and R-mevalonate were used as standard.Results: Binding affinity and inhibition constant of R-mevalonate were Ei=−4.2 kcal/mol, Ki=836.78 μM; apigenin Ei=−7.0 kcal/mol, Ki=7.43 μM; apigetrin Ei=−5.9 kcal/mol, Ki=47.53 μM; simvastatin Ei=−8.2 kcal/mol; Ki=0.98 μM; atorvastatin Ei=−8.4 kcal/mol; Ki=0.7 μM. Apigenin had better binding interaction than apigetrin.Conclusion: Apigenin could be developed as anticholesterol

XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITORY AND ANTIHYPERURICEMIC ACTIVITIES OF ANREDERA CORDIFOLIA (TEN) STEENIS, SONCHUS ARVENSIS L, AND ITS COMBINATION

Objective: The objective of this research was to evaluate the xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity and the ability to reduce serum uric acid levels of 70% ethanol extracts of Anredera cordifolia (ACE) and Sonchus arvensis (SAE) leaves, and its combinations.Methods: Inhibitory activity of XO was determined by measuring uric acid formation by UV spectrophotometry. Moreover, the antihyperuricemic assay conducted in vivo in male Wistar rats was induced by high-purine diet and potassium oxonate (PO). The reduction of serum uric acid levels after extracts administration was observed and compared to allopurinol.Results: The IC50 results of ACE, SAE, and the combination of both with a ratio of 1:1 were obtained 635.25 ppm, 1345.93 ppm, and 846.32 ppm, respectively. The IC50 of allopurinol as reference was 0.88 ppm. Hence, XO inhibitory activity of the combination extracts was additive. Results of antihyperuricemic assay showed that uric acid levels of the group of allopurinol, ACE, SAE, and the combination of both extracts were significantly lower compared to the positive control group at 120 and 150 minutes after PO induction (p<0.05). Combination extracts provide an additive effect in lowering serum uric acid levels.Conclusion: ACE and SAE had xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antihyperuricemic activities, and its combination provided an additive effect. The results were suggested that the extracts may have a considerable potential for developing as antihyperuricemia agent.Â

IN SITU ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF KAEMPFERIA PANDURATA (ROXB.) RHIZOMES AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate in situ antibacterial activity of topical preparations (ointment and cream) of ethanolic extract of fingerroot (Kaempferia pandurata) rhizomes against skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus in rabbits and determine the safety of topical preparations.Methods: Skin infection in rabbits was induced by injecting the suspension of S. aureus bacteria intracutaneously on the back of rabbits. In situ antibacterial activity test was performed by giving the ointment and cream of 3% ethanolic extract of Kaempferia pandurata rhizomes, and 3% oxytetracycline hydrochloride ointment as standard antibiotic on the back of rabbits that had been injected by S. aureus. Furthermore, test preparations were given for 30 days. The observed parameters were diameter of erythema, edema thickness, and diameter of pus. Those parameters were calculated as the total score. Dermal and ocular irritation tests were carried out in order to assess the safety of topical preparations.Results: In situ antibacterial activity test showed a total score of ointment of oxytetracycline HCl 3%, cream and ointment of 3% ethanolic extract was lower and significantly different (P < 0.05) with positive control. Macroscopically, skin infection on rabbits that were topically treated with ointment of oxytetracycline HCl 3%, cream and ointment of 3% ethanolic extract significantly healed earlier than positive control.Conclusion: Cream and ointment of 3% ethanolic extract of Kaempferia pandurata rhizomes had in situ antibacterial activity against skin infection caused by S. aureus in rabbits. Cream of 3% ethanolic extract of fingerroot rhizomes had the strongest in situ antibacterial activity that was comparable with ointment of oxytetracycline HCl 3%. Ointment and cream of 3% ethanolic extract of fingerroot did not irritate the skin and eyes of rabbits.  Â

EVALUATION OF TERATOGENICITY EFFECTS OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF BINAHONG LEAVES (ANREDERA CORDIFOLIA (TEN) STEENIS) IN WISTAR RAT

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate teratogenicity effect of ethanolic extract of binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) leaves in Wistar rats. Methods: The teratogenicity test were done in 5 groups of rat i. e. control group, trimethoprim at a dose of 360 mg/kg bw, ethanolic extract of binahong at doses of 100, 400, and 1000 mg/kg bw. Test substance was given orally on day 6 to day 15 of rats pregnancy. At day 20 of gestation, laparoctomy was performed to retrieve the fetuses. Evaluation was done towards the fetus skeletal, organ and fetal weight. Results: Teratogenicity test results showed that there was the ungrowth fetus observed in all groups with the highest incident in trimethoprim group (39.5%). Average of fetus body weight of trimethoprim, control, binahong extract at doses of 100, 400 and 1000 mg/kg bw group was 2.32 ± 0.66 g, 3.58 ± 0.24 g, 3.64 ± 0.26 g, 3.67 ± 0.25 g and 3.93 ± 0.61 g, respectively. Skeletal evaluation showed that there was malformation of sacral vertebrae (65.2%), convulated costal stucture (82.6%), palate (33.3%), head cavity (88.9%), nasal cavity (5.6%), eye cavity (5.6%), ear (5.6%) and liver (43.1%) which were observed only in trimethoprim group. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of binahong at doses of 100, 400 and 1000 mg/kg bw in rat did not have the teratogenic effect

ARTICLE REVIEW: HERBS FOR COMMON COLD TREATMENT

Herbs have been widely used empirically in preventing and treating diseases, one of which is a common cold. The use of herbs obtained from previous generations that are passed down orally can inhibit its development so that knowledge about traditional medicine needs to be documented and inventoried. This article review aims to examine and find out scientific information on the use of medicinal plants in treating the common cold. The research method used is a literature study obtained both offline and online such as books and original research articles published in SINTA accredited national journals and reputable international journals that have been published in the last 10 years. The results show that from the various plants used empirically, preclinical tests have been carried out. A total of 196 plants have been used empirically to treat the common cold, 5 plants have been tested for expectorant activity, 2 plants have been tested for antitussive activity, 3 plants have been tested for antipyretic activity, 3 plants have been tested for analgesic activity and 1 plant has been tested for anti-allergic activity. From several plants that have been tested for their activity, there are a total of 10 plants that have been tested for their acute toxicity. “Meniran” (Phyllanthus niruri L.) was the best herb to treat the common cold because of having proven to have expectorant, antitussive, analgesic effects and has been tested for acute toxicity test