Image_1_Levels and trends of maternal death in Baoan district, Shenzhen, China, 1999–2022.JPEG

BackgroundChina had achieved impressive success in improving maternal health, while the progress of reducing maternal mortality ratio (MMR) varied across regions. Some studies had reported maternal mortality from national or provincial perspective, but researches of the MMR on long-term period at the city or county level rare been reported. Shenzhen has experienced significant socioeconomic and health changes, reflecting the typical development of China's coastal city. This study mainly introduced the levels and trends of maternal death in Baoan district, Shenzhen from 1999 to 2022.MethodsMaternal mortality data were extracted from registration forms and the Shenzhen Maternal and Child Health Management System. Linear-by-Linear Association tests were used to evaluate the trends of MMR among different groups. The study periods were divided into three stages by 8-year interval and χ2 test or Fisher's test was used to test the difference in maternal deaths of different periods.ResultsDuring 1999–2022, a total of 137 maternal deaths occurred in Baoan, the overall MMR was 15.91 per 100,000 live births, declined by 89.31% with an annualized rate of 9.26%. The MMR declined by 68.15% in migrant population, with an annualized rate of 5.07%, faster than that in permanent population (48.73%, 2.86%). The MMR due to direct and indirect obstetric causes shown a downward trend (PConclusionsBaoan district had made encouraging progress in improving maternal survival, especially in migrant population. To further reduce the MMR, strengthening professional training to improve the capacity of obstetricians and physicians, increasing the awareness and ability of self-help health care among elderly pregnant women were in urgent need.</p

Image_2_Levels and trends of maternal death in Baoan district, Shenzhen, China, 1999–2022.JPEG

BackgroundChina had achieved impressive success in improving maternal health, while the progress of reducing maternal mortality ratio (MMR) varied across regions. Some studies had reported maternal mortality from national or provincial perspective, but researches of the MMR on long-term period at the city or county level rare been reported. Shenzhen has experienced significant socioeconomic and health changes, reflecting the typical development of China's coastal city. This study mainly introduced the levels and trends of maternal death in Baoan district, Shenzhen from 1999 to 2022.MethodsMaternal mortality data were extracted from registration forms and the Shenzhen Maternal and Child Health Management System. Linear-by-Linear Association tests were used to evaluate the trends of MMR among different groups. The study periods were divided into three stages by 8-year interval and χ2 test or Fisher's test was used to test the difference in maternal deaths of different periods.ResultsDuring 1999–2022, a total of 137 maternal deaths occurred in Baoan, the overall MMR was 15.91 per 100,000 live births, declined by 89.31% with an annualized rate of 9.26%. The MMR declined by 68.15% in migrant population, with an annualized rate of 5.07%, faster than that in permanent population (48.73%, 2.86%). The MMR due to direct and indirect obstetric causes shown a downward trend (PConclusionsBaoan district had made encouraging progress in improving maternal survival, especially in migrant population. To further reduce the MMR, strengthening professional training to improve the capacity of obstetricians and physicians, increasing the awareness and ability of self-help health care among elderly pregnant women were in urgent need.</p

Image_3_Levels and trends of maternal death in Baoan district, Shenzhen, China, 1999–2022.JPEG

BackgroundChina had achieved impressive success in improving maternal health, while the progress of reducing maternal mortality ratio (MMR) varied across regions. Some studies had reported maternal mortality from national or provincial perspective, but researches of the MMR on long-term period at the city or county level rare been reported. Shenzhen has experienced significant socioeconomic and health changes, reflecting the typical development of China's coastal city. This study mainly introduced the levels and trends of maternal death in Baoan district, Shenzhen from 1999 to 2022.MethodsMaternal mortality data were extracted from registration forms and the Shenzhen Maternal and Child Health Management System. Linear-by-Linear Association tests were used to evaluate the trends of MMR among different groups. The study periods were divided into three stages by 8-year interval and χ2 test or Fisher's test was used to test the difference in maternal deaths of different periods.ResultsDuring 1999–2022, a total of 137 maternal deaths occurred in Baoan, the overall MMR was 15.91 per 100,000 live births, declined by 89.31% with an annualized rate of 9.26%. The MMR declined by 68.15% in migrant population, with an annualized rate of 5.07%, faster than that in permanent population (48.73%, 2.86%). The MMR due to direct and indirect obstetric causes shown a downward trend (PConclusionsBaoan district had made encouraging progress in improving maternal survival, especially in migrant population. To further reduce the MMR, strengthening professional training to improve the capacity of obstetricians and physicians, increasing the awareness and ability of self-help health care among elderly pregnant women were in urgent need.</p

Treatment with the <i>T. spiralis</i> AES reduced the levels of the DSS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-17 in the spleens, MLN and colon lymphocytes.

<p>The data are presented as the mean ± SE. The asterisks* indicate statistical significance at <i>P<0.05</i>; SFU, spot-forming units; for spleens and MLN, n = 16 in each group (for IL-17, n = 12); for LPMC, n = 15 in each group (3 mice LPMC pooled).</p

Treatment with <i>T. spiralis</i> AES reduced microscopic colon damage and the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity induced by DSS in the C57BL/6 mice.

<p>(A) AES treatment decreased the microscopic damage score for the DSS-induced mouse colitis. (B) AES treatment reduced the DSS-induced epithelial destruction, edema, and infiltration of inflammatory cells on the colon histological sections. (C) MPO activity in the DSS-induced colon was reduced by treatment with AES. The data are presented as the mean ± SE. The asterisks* indicate statistical significance at <i>P<0.05</i>; n = 12 (number of mice included in each group).</p

Treatment with <i>T. spiralis</i> AES ameliorated DSS-induced acute colitis in the C57BL/6 mice.

<p>(A) Change in the disease activity index (DAI) during the experimental period. (B) Changes in the percent body weight. (C, D) The colons were removed, and the length was measured. Representative colons are shown. (E) Colon macroscopic damage score based on the presence of adhesions, degree of colonic ulcerations, wall thickness, and degree of mucosal edema. The data are presented as the mean ± SE. Significant differences are indicated in each graph with asterisks (<i>*P<0.05</i>); n = 12 (number of mice included in each group).</p

Analysis of the Tregs in the MLN and spleen lymphocytes of mice treated with DSS and <i>T. spiralis</i> AES.

<p>The lymphocytes isolated from the MLN (A) and spleen (B) of the treated mice were stained with fluorescently conjugated mouse mAbs (anti-CD3e, CD4 and CD25), and the intracellular expression of Foxp3 was observed. Representative data from the FACS analysis of the CD4⁺CD25⁺FOXP3⁺ Tregs are shown on the left with the percentage of double-positive cells in the right corner. The corresponding bar graphs are shown on the right and indicate the mean percentage ± SE. Significant differences are indicated as asterisks (<i>P<0.05</i>) compared to the PBS-treated control group; n = 12 (number of mice included in each group).</p

Roles of caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), and the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) in EHEC O157:H7-induced IL-1β production.

<p>THP-1 cells were transfected with control siRNA or siRNA specific to caspase-1, ASC, or NLRP3, respectively. After 48 h, cells were infected with EDL933, Δ<i>ehxA</i>, ΔpO157, and Δ<i>ehxA</i>/pehxA, respectively. (A) Knockdown of caspase-1, ASC, and NLRP3, was assayed by Western blotting. (B) Cell culture supernatants were collected 4 h after infection and subjected to IL-1β ELISA. Results represent the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. Significant differences (**<i>p</i><0.01, *<i>P</i><0.05) were indicated. n.s., no significant differences (<i>P</i>>0.05).</p

Pro-IL-1β and mature IL-1β in cell extract and supernatant as visualized by Western blotting.

<p>At 4 h after infection, pro-IL-1β and IL-1β in cell extracts (CX) and supernatants (SN) were visualized by Western blot analysis.</p

Correlation between the release of LDH and concentration of IL-1β in THP-1 cells infected with EHEC O157:H7.

<p>A significant positive correlation was observed (<i>P</i><0.01).</p