Fraction of immunoreactive cells to Slug, Twist, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin in meningeal tumors.

<p>The number of Slug-, Twist-, E-cadherin-, and N-cadherin-positive cells in immunohistochemistry was estimated using a four-tiered scale; -, <10%; +, 10-49%; ++, 50-90%; +++, >90%.</p

Histopathology of hemangiopericytoma, solitary fibrous tumor and meningiomas (H&E).

<p>Representative cases of selected hemangiopericytoma (A), solitary fibrous tumor (B), and, atypical (C), anaplastic (D), meningothelial (E), angiomatous (F), and fibrous (G) meningioma. Solitary fibrous tumors (A) and hemangiopericytomas (B) are occasionally difficult to distinguish from high-grade meningiomas (C, D).</p

Factors affecting postpartum health care service utilization in the Philippines.

<p>Significant (<i>P</i><0.01).</p><p>^a HS-pre: Health care services during pregnancy,</p><p>^b MCH: Maternal and Child Health Handbook.</p><p>^c Utilization (+): Postpartum women who utilized one or more postpartum health care services.</p><p>^d Utilization (−): Postpartum women who had no utilization of postpartum health care services.</p

Participant characteristics, Philippines.

<p>^a php: Philippine Pesos.</p

Utilization of health care services during pregnancy, Philippines.

<p>^a HS-pre: Health care services during pregnancy.</p

Adaptive Iterative Dose Reduction Using Three Dimensional Processing (AIDR3D) Improves Chest CT Image Quality and Reduces Radiation Exposure

<div><p>Objective</p><p>To assess the advantages of Adaptive Iterative Dose Reduction using Three Dimensional Processing (AIDR3D) for image quality improvement and dose reduction for chest computed tomography (CT).</p><p>Methods</p><p>Institutional Review Boards approved this study and informed consent was obtained. Eighty-eight subjects underwent chest CT at five institutions using identical scanners and protocols. During a single visit, each subject was scanned using different tube currents: 240, 120, and 60 mA. Scan data were converted to images using AIDR3D and a conventional reconstruction mode (without AIDR3D). Using a 5-point scale from 1 (non-diagnostic) to 5 (excellent), three blinded observers independently evaluated image quality for three lung zones, four patterns of lung disease (nodule/mass, emphysema, bronchiolitis, and diffuse lung disease), and three mediastinal measurements (small structure visibility, streak artifacts, and shoulder artifacts). Differences in these scores were assessed by Scheffe's test.</p><p>Results</p><p>At each tube current, scans using AIDR3D had higher scores than those without AIDR3D, which were significant for lung zones (<i>p</i><0.0001) and all mediastinal measurements (<i>p</i><0.01). For lung diseases, significant improvements with AIDR3D were frequently observed at 120 and 60 mA. Scans with AIDR3D at 120 mA had significantly higher scores than those without AIDR3D at 240 mA for lung zones and mediastinal streak artifacts (<i>p</i><0.0001), and slightly higher or equal scores for all other measurements. Scans with AIDR3D at 60 mA were also judged superior or equivalent to those without AIDR3D at 120 mA.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>For chest CT, AIDR3D provides better image quality and can reduce radiation exposure by 50%.</p></div

Axial plain chest CT images at the upper lung zone (60-year-old male weighing 76 kg).

<p>These images were created from scan data at 240 mA (<b>A, D</b>), 120 mA (<b>B, E</b>) and 60 mA (<b>C, F</b>). The three upper images (<b>A–C</b>) were reconstructed using AIDR3D and the three lower images (<b>D–F</b>) were reconstructed using a conventional reconstruction mode (Boost3D). Each image pair at the same tube current was created from single row data. Image noise was obviously reduced on images with AIDR3D, particularly at lower tube currents.</p

Results of quantitative image noise (SD measurement^*) at different tube currents with AIDR3D and FBP (without AIDR3D).

<p><i>Definition of abbreviations</i>: SD: standard deviation; LPV: lower pulmonary vein.</p><p>* The standard deviation of the CT values with a fixed circular region of interest (10 mm in radius) was measured.</p

Correlations between quantitative image noise and body weight^*.

<p><i>Definition of abbreviations</i>: LPV: lower pulmonary vein; NS: not significant.</p><p>* Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to evaluate correlations between image noise and body weight. Correlation coefficient (ρ) and p values are shown.</p

Axial plain chest CT images with a mediastinal setting to assess streak artifacts (55-year-old male weighing 64 kg). A

<p>, at 240 mA with AIDR3D; <b>B</b>, at 120 mA with AIDR3D; <b>C</b>, at 60 mA with AIDR3D; <b>D</b>, at 240 mA without AIDR3D; <b>E</b>, at 120 mA without AIDR3D; <b>F</b>, at 60 mA without AIDR3D. Many radial streaks from the spine were apparent in the heart, particularly on the image without AIDR3D at 60 mA (<b>F</b>). These streaks were greatly reduced using AIDR3D (<b>C</b>, at 60 mA).</p